Responsibilities Of The Network Engineer Information Technology Essay

Responsibilities Of The Network Engineer Information Technology Essay A computer network is a combination of the two or more hardware deceives and with the compatible software which allows the communication between these devices such as data and voice, video etc. Next section going to deal with the Hardware used to build the network Transmission Medium: This is used to connect the transmitter and receiver. It may be guided and unguided medium. Guided Medium: In this type capacity based on the bandwidth rate and the distance it has to cover and type of the link ex: point to point or Multipoint There are four transmissions medium: Twisted-pair Cable: These are the most commonly used media generally uses RJ-45 plug. Twisted-pair contains the 4 insulated copper wires and twisted. The twisting pair reduces the effect of the Electromagnetic waves. Twisted pairs restricted in terms of data rate and distance EX: requires amplifiers every 5-6 km for analog signals and 2-3 km for digital signals. These are again divided in to two types called shielded and UN-shielded twisted-pair. STP cables are covered by an additional shield which makes more robust and reduces the electromagnetic interference Coaxial cable: consist of two conductors one is inner conductor and other one is shield which is generally metal foil surrounded by the inner conductor with the diameters of 1 to 2.5cm . Outer shield used to reduce the interference and cross talk. These cover more distance than twisted-pair. Generally use in cable TV and to cover long distance telephone lines. It can carry both analog and digital data, supports up to 10000 voice data using FDM. Optical Fiber cable: Fiber optic technology uses the light to transmit the data. It has begun in1970s. Fiber technology uses allows higher bandwidth thats the reason used between the central offices which needs to carry high volumes of voice traffic where copper wire provides limited distance and bandwidth. Optical fiber cable carry thousands time more data than twisted pair , lightweight, low loss of signal, higher reliable and it doesnt generate the EMI so it is difficult to breach .optical fiber cable consist core and coating buffer, outerjacker, cladding . Core is the part which carrys the light and which is made of silica and Germanic and the cladding which covers core and is made of silica only cladding has reflective characteristic so which will help the light be in the core . Fiber is two types single and multi-mode .buffer help to protect the core and cladding act as shock absorbent and strength member help to protect from installation damages and outer jacket is for environment protect Single Mode Fiber Multimode Fiber Width of core Very thin(8 to 10microns) and allows straight line light passing Light travels in several paths core width is 50 to 65 microns Bandwidth Higher Lower Quality Higher Lower Application Longer distance transmission Short distance transmission Routers: A router is device which divides the network into two parts. The different port of the router comes under different networks. A router is specialized device which routes the packets from the source to destination and also used to connect the different LANS. Routers works on the Network Layer which is the 3rd layer of the OSI model since it uses the logical address (IP address) to do routing decisions, whenever a packet arrives from the data links layer to one of the port in router then router unwrap the data link layer header and attaches the new header to transmit it out. Every router contains the hardware and network operating system. The hardware consisted of Routing processor, ROM, RAM, FLASH Memory and input and output ports, NVRAM, Other interfaces. CPU work along with the routing protocols and creates forwarding tables which is used in transferring the packets to the destination. Input and output interfaces are the physical links which deals with the incoming and outgoing pack ets generally these are RJ-45 ports and other interfaces such as AUX port and console ports. Console port is used to configure the router which is necessary because router is not zero configuration device. RAM and ROM as same functionality like in normal computers, flash holds the image of the IOS. AUX port is used to connect router from remote access. HUB: An Ethernet Hub is device for connecting multiple wires (twisted pair, fiber) to connect multiple devices into a single network. Hubs works at layer1 of the OSI model. Hub works at hardware level it receives packets on one port and broadcast to all other ports. If more than couple of devices tries to transfer the data at a time a collision will occur. All the devices which are connected to the hub come under same collision domain. Hubs are two types i.e. passive, active and intelligent. UN-managed are just a hardware just broadcast the incoming signal. Where managed hubs are configured using workstation. SWITCH: A switch is small hardware device which joints multiple nodes together with in a local area network divides into logical pieces. Switch operates at data link layer (layer 2) OSI model. Switches are similar to hubs but more intelligence than the hub. Switches works on layer 2 so it can interpret the data packets and analyze and send it to appropriate port which leads to destination. Switch consumes the bandwidth and offers the better performance than the hub. Some modern switches operate at layer 3 and layer 4 as well. Each node which is connected to switch gets dedicated link. Switches can provide better security by providing different collision domain means it separate the one port traffic to another port traffic. Switches classified based on the switching it use: 1. Cut-through mode 2. Store and forward mode Hosts: Hosts are generally the end devices to which the services are being served or services are being taken. End devices are the interface between the user and the network to utilize the services ex: computers, servers, printers, cameras, VOIP phones, and any mobile hand held devices. A server is normal computer or high-end device which provides one or more service over the network where client is another end who request the service. There are several types of servers available. Application, chat server, ftp, mail, proxy servers etc. there are many server software available outside for Ex: Tomcat, Microsoft, IBM HTTP server etc web server has main three computers. Generally server hardware is high end hardware devices and fast processing capable and this system must be robust from the damages and end computers are just desktop of laptops which is used to access the internet and to do the personal work and it can access the server with the specified set of rules, VOIP telephones one of the emerging technology cheaper and faster than normal telephones(PBX).which uses the data network as the m edium and any one can make the call to anyone around the world with the cheaper price and better in quality OSI Model: OSI model is tool from the international organization for standardization which divides the data communication into small parts (Layers). Each layer has its own and unique functionality from other layers and each layer provides service to another layer which is directly connected the bottom three layers operate to send the data from end to end system. The above four layers process the at the end device mostly (software work) OSI model divides the communication into manageable chunks so every function is specific to the concern layer without OSI model its hard to mange network functions in this section going to discus about the Data Link layer and Transport Layer and Network Layer Network Layer: This provides the end to end logical connection the main functionality of this layer is route handling and data transmission preparation. This layer provides communication with the transport and data-link layer. It encapsulates the data received from the Transport layer and which is called protocol data units and management the connection between the networks. There are several protocols which operate on network layer Ex: IP, ICMP etc Internet is the principle protocol used to send the data-grams across the network. This is responsible for routing the packets across the network and provides the many functions to send the data grams to the end device Network Performance: Performance of the network depends on the various factors such as channel capacity, utilization, delay in case of real-time applications and packet loss and conjunction etc Performance metrics various are two types based on system and service. System performance based on the memory, processor utilization, load and Input/output waiting time etc Services performance depends on the Delay, Availability etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Performance Enhancements: The router plays very important role routing the packets. Router determines the next hope address forward the traffic then a question raises that which part of the router affects the performance some people says that software and some people says hard ware but performance depend on the both because as the software works well but hardware havent got the proper resources to run that its also decreases the performance another side resources available but not utilized properly, also decreases the performance When comes to the routing is the process of the router and this process happens in the physical, data link and network layers IP: Routing protocols works at layer three and next hope will be counted at every router and routing is only is based on the destination address without the concern of the routing protocols. MPLS reduces the routing look-up and also need not run a specific protocol on every router. MPLS forwards the packets based on the label. When comes to the IP networks every router decides the next hope address but when comes to the MPLS only edge routers perform the routing look-up core routers sends the packets based on the simple label. When comes to the MPLS layer 2 devices run a layer 3 routing protocol and establish the virtual circuits dynamically so this provides a virtual full mesh topology IN MPLS only routing look up will be done at edge router means packets processed through the three layers only on edge routers after that the routing will be performed only on the basis of the simple labels attached also provides different forwarding techniques in MPLS forwarding can be done on QOS etc . MPLS with Traffic engineering gives much more performance than the IP based traffic engineering or policy based routing Hardware Resource Utilization: Resource issues such as and RAM and CPU and IOS configuration also effects the resource utilization and the bandwidth management is also effects the cables and as well bad circuits. Like PC routers have CPU and RAM extra hardware at the peak time all the router resources will be utilized to the maximum there are some tools which are available to monitor the CPU and interfaces always other than these we can improve the performance. By changing the switching that is used by the router. Generally the default buffer size of the router will be optimized concerning all applications but sometimes need to change when comes to the delay sensitive applications need small buffer size. Disable all the unnecessary applications which run in the back ground and the routing tables has grown up every day using the summarization and turning off the default routing. To resolve the bandwidth problems with the traffic management this is called quality of service, stopping the unwanted traffic also gives the better performance. Some commands available in default Ex: Show Memory Dead which shows the memory usage such as free memory, memory failure allocation command shows the Memory allocation failures Career in Networking: Career in networking is challenging because every day because its dynamic in nature every day new connections will be added so the network size increases data transfer rate will increase and task of maintaining the network increases. Now a days every one using the network starting from web browsing to data transfer. Comparing to software developers network manager has difficult task because it has to connect various number of resources every resource has privileges and connecting this resources not makes the network some other factors need to consider such as security, stability and reliability. Network manager should provide the best protocols that cant affect the performance of the network Day to Day Tasks: 1. Handle the maintenance tasks. 2. Upgrade the systems software. 3. Check the hardware and software. 4. Monitor the antivirus Expectation from the Manager: 1. Provide training on latest technologies. 2. Discuss daily tasks which were done. 3. Good guidance and knowledge Responsible for installing and managing of networks. This includes installing and maintenance of the network. Future steps to extend the network organization. Monitoring the user activities in the network providing the security to emails, accounts and passwords etc. Able to analyze the network faults from major errors to minor errors. Can able to redesign or modify the network, backups etc.. Conclusion: In this fast changing world, communication is important is important daily life. Lot of advancements has been taken place in the connectivity to have better communication and advancements in standards without exceptions. In this paper i have explained the various hardware and software which has the greatest impact on the networks and the improvements which can optimize the network performance in case of hardware and software and also explained the careers and opportunities in the networking

Hamlet vs All My Sons Essay

There have been many women in history who are known today by their different characteristics. For example Beverly Allitt, known as the â€Å"Angel of Death† a pediatric nurse who killed 4 children and injured 5. Queen Victoria supported an act of parliament 1938 which abolished slavery in the colonies of the British Empire. This goes to show that although people may think women are all alike, they are most definitely not. Kate Keller of Arthur Miller’s All My Sons and Gertrude of Shakespeare’s Hamlet are both very different characters who share but very few similarities throughout the two plays. Ones knowing of their partner’s crime committed, one’s action of lying, and their different levels of intelligence, all prove that the two women are both different. Incorporated in both Hamlet and All My Sons, are mysteries. In Hamlet of course, is the mystery of Hamlet’s father’s death. Who murdered him? Claudius, we know. However Gertrude did not know. There is no evidence that she had any idea of it, although Hamlet does accuse her, at one event in the play, of knowing that Claudius is a killer. Whereas Kate from All My Sons knows everything about what her husband Joe, has done. She knows he is guilty of the deaths of the pilots. It is evident from the beginning of the play that Kate is in fact guilty of something. When Ann shows up, her behaviour towards her is strange, and of course, she acts this way because she is afraid that Ann may know something that will bring the truth out. She will not let go of the possibility that Larry is alive, which brings in foreshadows. For example when she says to Joe, â€Å"You above all have got to believe, you†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (1.309-312) Ann’s brother George goes by the house shortly after Ann arrives. He had just visited their father in prison, and has come full of rage. Kate notices, and quickly lures him in with her charm, and motherly characteristics to make him almost forget why he was angry, to protect her and Joe from the secret they have been keeping. This is a big factor which differentiates the two characters, Gertrude and Kate. One knew of the crime committed, and the other did not. Kate from All My Sons seems to be a very clever woman. In fact, she is extremely intelligent. She is aware of everything that could go wrong. She is very careful in what she says and does, and she knows how to handle any bump in the road. She does so, throughout the play, like when Ann’s brother George arrives. However, her being intelligent does not make her a very rational character. 3 years after the disappearance of her son Larry, she still hopes to believe he is alive. She clings to that idea. She believes in any given â€Å"sign† or superstition. Like for example the whole situation of the horoscope. Gertrude from Hamlet is less intelligent. She is more ignorant. She is taken in by Claudius’ looks and charisma, and quickly marries him. You would think she must have known about Claudius being her husband’s murderer, jumping in to a marriage with her brother in-law so quickly. However, she knows nothing. It was no act of mischievousness, only an act of ignorance, showing she may not have even loved Hamlet’s father at all, or very little. Hamlet also acts strange around Gertrude. He is disgusted by his mother’s actions. Gertrude does not have a clue as to why he acts that way, until he tells her. Only then does she realize her actions were been wrong. Kate is a woman known to have a large capacity for love. She loves her family, evidently. She does however have an even larger capacity for lying. She knows that Joe sent out the cracked cylinder heads out, and caused the death of several pilots. She and Joe both keep the secret. She hopes and prays that her son Larry is still alive to not have to deal with the fact that his own father was the cause of his death. She states, â€Å"As long as you live that boy will be alive, that boy is alive. God does not let a son be killed by his father.† Gertrude on the other hand does not lie the way Kate does. Yes, she does lie to herself about the possible consequences of her poor actions, but I wouldn’t see it as particularly lying, I see it more as ignorance. Simply, she is refusing to believe the truth. Therefore, Kate Keller is a liar, while Gertrude is not. You may say that both Kate and Gertrude share the same motherly characteristics. They both have strong connections with their sons. Nevertheless, Kate seems to have a more genuine love for her son. Gertrude is more selfish. She hurries in to a marriage soon after Hamlet’s father dies, and does not think of the harm it will do to her son. Kate, although she does lie, shows that she genuinely loves her sons, and that she always wants the best for Chris. It is clear that Gertrude of Shakespeare’s Hamlet and Kate Keller of Arthur Miller’s All My Sons are two very different characters. Gertrude is innocent, in not knowing the crime Claudius has committed, where Kate Keller does know the crime her husband has committed. Both women have different characteristics. Kate being smarter than Gertrude is one of them. And lastly, share a different love for their sons. owner

Why Everybody Is Mistaken Regarding Essay Topics for Ias Exam

Why Everybody Is Mistaken Regarding Essay Topics for Ias Exam Essay Topics for Ias Exam Secrets That No One Else Knows About It's in this backdrop that one needs to understand, as to why it is simply during the last ten years and a half that secularism has arrived under a cloud and the idea of a Hindu Rashtra is being asserted aggressively. Finally, secularism begins in the core of every person. Indian secularism, once believed to be non-negotiable, is starting to seem shaky now. The trick is to receive a very clear comprehension of the topic. Many times, after presenting a superb introduction, individuals lose their way within the body. Memorising difficult words isn't going to help much. There's only ONE optional subject to select from the list of optional subjects that are given below. The New Fuss About Essay Topics for Ias Exam It's set up under cyber and data security division. It's possible to verify this information on the web. It is aimed toward providing most relevant info to keep you updated. Even then you're not able to discover the informative and accurate details. The officials will ready the merit list. There are times that you try to do your best and even then you're not able to score well in your home tasks. This wonderful website, including experienced business for 9 decades, is one of the main pharmacies on the web. Fortunately our team consists of professional writers which possess the capability to create remarkable content for you. Essay Topics for Ias Exam Options This paper includes 250 marks. In CSE exam, it's a costly mistake. Click the ORDER NOW button and complete the form. Thus, download IAS paper of the last year. Candidate ought to think on unique questions. The candidate should get the minimal qualified marks. He should take an admission in a given college. The candidates may read the notification and confirm the eligibility fill the application form. Candidate must compose an essay on a particular topic. Structure your essay according to the topic. Writing quality essays is the principal use of our services. Joy is the easiest kind of Gratitude 5. Aside from the GS papers, some extra reading is required to diversify your viewpoints. Reading non-fiction books and a few topics which are generally not covered in GS Paper will provide help. Each section includes four essay topics. Explain every one of them through some examples. Ally you must do is to correctly submit your order instructions and produce the payment. This is an immense advantage for everybody. Another benefit of our website is the quickness. However, you can be certain that you're getting a fine work for the price tag you're paying. There are a lot of things to consider and most importantly, is the dependability of the service you decide to use. After discovering our website, you will no longer will need to bother friends and family with these kinds of requests. There are a lot of reasons why you must prefer our services. This paper plays a vital role in deciding the rank of the student. Innovation is the secret to climbing a greater ladder of succeeding. Students lead busy lives and frequently forget about an approaching deadline. Learn as though you should live forever Mahatma Gandhi Strength doesn't come from physical capacity. This strength of the Hindu religion is currently seen as a weakness. The Advantages of Essay Topics for Ias Exam There'll be two sections and you've got to choose 1 essay from every section. A normal dictionary for reference needs to be kept handy while preparation. UPSC provides 4 topics in every single section. Fundamentals of grammar and grammatical theory are genuinely important. Be certain you have sufficient time for revision. It is recommended to choose factual topics where it's possible for you to pack in lot of information. It is recommended to choose question topics where it's possible for you to pack in lot of information. Learn how to present your suggestions in a distinctive way.

Opression in Maya Angelou’s I Know Why The Caged Bird...

Oppression is exercising power in an unjust or cruel manner toward a specific group of people. Throughout the history of the United States and Global history, many religious groups, women, and ethnic groups have been targeted. These groups were especially targeted during the early twentieth century. Martin Luther King, an active Civil Rights Leader, wrote about the ways these people worked to end oppression for themselves and groups of people in his book, Strides toward Freedom. He says there are three ways people respond to oppression; they are acceptance of their own doom, non-violent actions and a violent response. Overall, he emphasizes community involvement, working together and dropping racial barriers as the solution to oppression.†¦show more content†¦This makes Maya set in her way that she is ugly and lower than a white person. Therefore, her brother Bailey gives her confidence by telling the adult women that she is prettier than their children. With a strong suppor tive relationship with Bailey Maya is able to have someone to talk to and help her. As Maya grows up she is already looked down on because she is African American, even though she was at the top of her class. Maya’s job opportunities are limited when she gets her first job as a server in a household. Her employer, Mrs. Cullinan, calls her Mary instead of Maya, even when corrected. Mrs. Cullinan does not learn Maya’s name because she is use to being superior. This is emphasized when she easily changes Hallelujah’s name to Glory. Many African Americans at time would be afraid to stand up to a white person because they could get beaten or worse killed. Maya realizes this is not just and she asks Bailey, her brother, how to get back at the Mrs. Cullinan; Bailey tells her to break her favorite casserole dish. When she has lack of confidence it is easier for her to be taken advantage of by the people. With Bailey she realizes she cannot sit back and let people walk all over her. She needs to stand up for herself in some way. Maya’s grandmother, Mama, also played a significant role in Maya overcoming oppressive racism. Most importantly, Mama shows that