Psy 535

Multicultural research methodologies are one of the newest research fields to be implemented in recent decades. Traditional research methodology has been established for centuries, and has a very orthodox view of things like norms, measurement instruments, sampling, and observation. Multicultural researchers quickly found out that applying these same factors to their own research was inappropriate; the field of multicultural research demanded a different perspective if any sort of useful and accurate findings were ever going to be issued. Two areas where there is great difference between multicultural research and traditional research are measurement instruments and norms. In these two areas it is easy to demonstrate how traditional research has a much easier time being performed with the standard and well established concepts involving measurement instruments and norms. However, when a multicultural researcher attempts to answer a question or reinforce a hypothesis he or she will quickly find out that they must perform their research in a way that is very different from those in the traditional field. Measurement instruments are an excellent place to begin looking at the way multicultural and traditional research methodologies contrast. As the world becomes increasingly globalized and corporations begin to operate in many different countries encompassing different and diverse cultures, there is a clear need for accurate multicultural research on a myriad of topics. Even simple surveys like product satisfaction are more difficult for a multicultural researcher. Various countries and populaces simply have different viewpoints and this can cause entire research designs to have to be suited to specific nations, or even specific populations within those nations. For example, traditional researchers have found that it can be extremely difficult to get individuals in Latin America to participate in one of traditional researchers move time honored measurement devices; the focus group. (Morrow, 231) In contrast, many American citizens are quite receptive to the idea of participating in a focus group, a well-established fact known to most multicultural as well as traditional researchers. Those who are educated in multicultural research methods understand that Latin Americans have a very different point of view when it comes to how they value their time. For the average Latin American the idea of participating in a focus group is a waste of time that could be better spent doing almost anything else. The list of research measurement instruments that must be altered depending on the culture being sampled is almost endless. Mail surveys, another common tactic employed by traditional researchers to gauge opinion on a host of different topics have been found to be very inefficient with Americans and many Westerners in general. (Morrow, 256) Multicultural researchers have found that, through careful studies, other cultures are much more receptive to mail surveys. The Japanese, for instance, are much more likely to complete and return a survey mailed to them in comparison to the average American household who would likely discard the survey as â€Å"junk mail†. Morrow, 257) This is not to suggest that either culture is wrong for their treatment of this particular research instrument; rather, it simply highlights that people thousands of miles apart have vastly different cultural experiences that will shape their views on the importance of everything, including whether or not a mail survey is worth their time. An informed multicultural researcher would be wise to employ the mail survey when he or she is doing their work in Japan, just like a researcher working in the United States would achieve much better results by utilizing focus groups. Traditional researchers might very well plod ahead and send out thousands of mail surveys to Americans, knowing that they will receive a small percentage back. However, if these researchers were to pay closer attention to the cultural aspect of the research, they would be able to conduct their inquiries in a more efficient way, both in terms of money spent and answers received. A second area that holds great potential as a way to compare and contrast multicultural and traditional research methodologies is norms. Traditional researchers usually work with a well-established set of norms that rarely fluctuates. Gottfried, 117) Multicultural researchers operate in a much different environment. For those looking to perform a study or experiment that focuses on the impact of culture, they must pay very close attention to the individuals who they are surveying and how the norms for those people can be very different from the norms of others sampled. An example of this would be a multicultur al researcher attempting to study the public’s view of single-payer healthcare, as many liberals have suggested is a good idea for implementation in the United States. A researcher could ask a series of targeted questions to a group of Americans, but without considering their cultural leanings, the research would be inherently flawed. A fourth generation American of European descent will have rather â€Å"mainstream† views of the topic, which will contrast greatly with a first generation Canadian immigrant. (Gottfried, 112) The cultural norms for each of these groups will be very different, which will end up in them answering the question differently or, even if they answer the same, for different reasons. A traditional researcher would not pay very much attention to this issue, and would likely state that an American is an American, and that with a large enough sample size they would arrive at the correct diagnosis of the public’s point of view regarding the topic. Those who are involved with multicultural research know that by passing over the deep cultural divides that exist between most American citizens, the research would be virtually worthless. In conclusion, multicultural research and traditional research have much in common, but differ on some very important points. Two of these points are the relevance of norms and measurement instruments. Multicultural researchers will work much harder to get a better understanding of their respondent’s culture before asking questions and conducting other research. This ensures that the reasons behind their answers are known, which equal a more comprehensive research design. Measurement tools and their impact differ between the two research methods as well. Multicultural researchers pay close attention to the culture they are sampling, and employ research instruments that are the most likely to garner results. Traditional researchers are much more likely to use a blunt research tool, and use it over and over again until they achieve the necessary amount of responses. Both research methodologies have their place, and both will continue to benefit from the others perspective. Works Cited Morrow, Susan L. (2001) â€Å"Qualitative research methods for multicultural counseling: Handbook of multicultural counseling† Thousand Oaks, CA, US: Sage Publications Gottfried, Paul Edward. (2002) â€Å"Multiculturalism and the Politics of Guilt: Toward a Secular Theocracy,† University of Missouri

MHS Reflection

The most impressive part is having interview with one of the employees-Yin Pong. She is an ex-mentally ill person but she is confident and cheerful. During the interview, she repeatedly expresses that she enjoys working in bakery and feels an immense gratitude that she can be employed. At that moment, I think the role of social enterprises is essential in Hong Kong society as they can provide opportunities of self-reliance to the disadvantaged. In Hong Kong, many disadvantaged are seeking for these helps and it can also decrease the ruder of the families and society.I find that their products are valuable although the prices of the products are quite expensive as they use high quality of ingredients for their baking to achieve quality assurance. It is also an essential element helping them to compete in the market. Besides, I appreciate the spirit of bakery. They hope their customers keep patronizing are because of the appreciation of their baked product, but not the sympathy for the employees with disabilities or the support to their organization (Ting Way Group of Hospitals).The employees completely get good senses of fulfillment from successful work. It is no doubt that training employees with disabilities is a difficult job as they need to give much patience, care and time for their employees. To help bakery to survive in the market, it is not just their well-handled management, but also their selflessness to employees. The role of social enterprises is one of the steps to lead Hong Kong to be a caring socio ¶y'. Our supports are dispensable.

Challenges Women Went Through Economically, Socially, And Politically During The US Reconstruction Era

Challenges Women Went Through Economically, Socially, And Politically During The US Reconstruction Era Throughout the Reconstruction era, the lives of women in the North and South progressed economically, politically, and socially. Women were becoming part of the emerging consumer culture while becoming more active in a political sector. Given how the ideal of â€Å"true womanhood† began losing its eminence in U.S. society, the New Woman began gaining popularity with their higher levels of education, leisure time, working for a wage, and participating in politics. With women gaining personal freedoms, restrictions were still placed upon them to look and act a certain way amongst through the previous model of true womanhood, though its representation varied given the woman’s race and social standing. During the 1860s and the nineteen-teens, new opportunities for higher education were available. However, those who benefitted from it most exclusively were wealthy white women. With their higher education, women were able to have better opportunities for jobs not believed to be fitting for women: administration, clerical, law, and political positions (Dubois and Dumenil 302, 327). Wealthier women also were able to run their own settlement homes; one such woman was Jane Addams. African-American women could become shopkeepers and teachers, but complicating their new freedom was the establishment of Jim Crow laws and public lynchings under often false charges. In Ida B. Wells’ autobiography, Crusade for Justice, she described the lynching of friend, Thomas Moss, as â€Å"an excuse to get rid of Nergoes who were aquiring wealth and property†¦keep the race terrorized.† Her testimony, as well as her involement of further investigating the charges brought on by lynching victims, led to her being driven out of Memphis in 1892 (Dubois and Dumenil 314, 316). Sadly, working- and lower-class women were not offered the same opportunities for further advancement in U.S. society. They were sequestered in factory jobs and their stays in settlement homes only provided temporary relief in their situations, though their way of life was respected (Dubois and Dumenil 368-9). In contrast to immigrant women’s education, the education young Native girls received in government-run boarding schools was designed to assimilate them in the dominant American culture given how American felt there was a need for non-Americans to become civilized. For the Native girls, it meant settling into domesticity and receiving harsh punishments—whippings or being tied up—if they â€Å"reverted back to their Indian ways† or tried escaping (Dubois and Dumenil 349). To receive funding, Indian boarding schools would present pictures of Native girls before and after their â€Å"Americanization.† A pair of photos taken of three young Native girls before and after their assimilation shows their hair being cut, dressed in American clothing, and sitting at a table. The only commonality is the look of sorrow on their faces. Given their low status, it was rare for Native children to progress in society when very few achieved basic English literary skills. With women having more free time for leisure, there was an expectation of women to be seen as presentable and beautiful when outside of the home. Cosmetics, previously worn by prostitutes, were sold and presented to women as something to cover their flaws, attract future husbands with, set themselves apart from other women, and to set the standards of beauty for other women especially young girls. Further boosting the sale of cosmetics and formation of salons was the monitoring of a woman’s appearance by men and other women, advertisements, the private selling of makeup door to door, and cosmetics expanding to be sold in local drug stores (Peiss 373-4, 378). Wearing makeup and keeping up appearances was an indication of a woman’s wealth and how highly she valued herself. If a woman of lower class was seen without makeup in the public sector, she was deemed as inferior as opposed to middle and working-class women who bought makeup and would wear it while working. Durin g the Progressive era, wealthy women outside the home had the freedom to become philanthropists and activists. One of the most prosperous philanthropists was Madam C.J. Walker, the daughter of slave parents, who acquired wealth and status in the cosmetics industry aimed for African-American women (Dubois and Dumenil 421). The growth of women wage earners increased during the Progressive Era. By 1920, twenty percent of the workforce was female with over half of the labor consisting of immigrant and/or non-white women. After the Civil War, the profession of nursing was no longer seen as a â€Å"domestic service†. Even the profession of teaching evolved to where women could be professors. Despite segregation being enforced in the North and South, black women were able to form their own schools in local communities to educate young children during the professionalization (Dubois and Dumenil 408-9). Despite these changes, women were still expected to become mothers and put aside their professional carriers while the children were young. Immigrant women, wives and daughters, were expected to become wage earners while trying to maintain old world customs. Their way of earning money was through domestic housework for the more leisured White upper-class women. Given the surge in immigration, many live d in cramped and poorly kempt rooms. A photo taken by Jacob Riis for the New York Tribune shows five women staying possibly temporarily in a police station with clothes drying and their only means of furniture and heating is a stove. Riis’s photo reveals the extent of homelessness, collapse of a working-class family, and why many immigrant women and why immigrant women felt the need to contribute a wage for their families (Dubois and Dumenil 392). With more women working outside of the home, women began to voice their opinions more publicly and politically. The newest wave of the suffragist movement gave middle-class women voices in political settings while drawing attention from the wealthy and working-class women. However, the funding for marches and attention came from the wealthy women’s husbands. During what would be the Women’s Era, women’s organizations such as Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) and National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) granted women voices in politics through demands of fair wages, the establishment of a maximum workweek, and ending child labor (Dubois and Dumenil 286, 309-10). In addition, their alliance would bring more attention to women’s suffrage, especially with an endorsement from Susan B. Anthony and a shift to have women’s votes be amended. Some immigrant women joined the women’s movements under the promise of gaining fre edom for themselves, and possibly for their daughters (Dubois and Dumenil 363). Yet no black woman was invited to attend women’s movements and organizations, nor was there Native American women involved in women’s organizations known to have occurred. African-American women had their own organizations, but they were segregated from movements founded by white women. The change of the American women’s role in life began in the middle of the nineteenth century and continued into the first decades of the twentieth. During that time, women had gained more influence and prominence politically and socially (Dubois and Dumenil 441). However, women were still expected to achieve the goal of motherhood. What differed was now they had the greater possibility of working outside of the home while being a mother or not becoming a mother at all. With vast amounts of freedom, women challenged social expectations while still being expected to maintain a form of decorum and femininity. In the long run, the degree of freedom women had was evident in comparison to the early nineteenth century, but their independence was reliant on their class and race. More opportunities and means of social advancements were available to the privileged and leisured classes, but non-white women were limited in job prospects and faced segregation, discrimination, and violen ce. In spite of everything, improvements women made paved the way for a new era of women’s rights and liberties.

Major punishment philosophies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Major punishment philosophies - Essay Example This essay is a critical evaluation on the punishment response to first-time and habitual DWI offenders. Different punishments for driving while under intoxication are exercised depending on the state where the offence was done. The most possible punishment is brief confinement in a county jail for a period not more than one year and a fine not exceeding $ 5000 and in some cases withdrawal of the offender’s driving license for a short period of time (Head 2006). This punishment is justifiable for first time offenders because even though the law terms ignorance as no defense, it is possible that the offence could be committed out of ignorance or mere carelessness. This means that, the offenders have not formed a habitual DWI thus a short confinement would help them by opening their eyes to the dangers of driving under the influence of alcohol (Bosworth 2005). Not only does it endanger their own lives but also the lives of other road users. This would go in line with one purpose of punishments which is to rehabilitate the offenders. Leaving the offenders to go free by fining them without confinement would be playing on a delicate ground even if the offender has never committed such a crime before. This is because the offence when committed is a threat to human life and if not punished properly, there is a probability that there would be a recurrence of the same. The brief confinement would serve the purpose of punishments which is to incapacitate the offender by denying him/her the opportunity to commit the offence (Neubauer 2007). This is achieved because during the time he is in confinement, he would not have the chance to drive and at the same time he will have the time to reflect on his mistakes such that by the time of his release, he will have changed his attitude and felt the pain of losing the comfort of his vehicle. Confinement as a form of

Multinational Corporation Expansion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Multinational Corporation Expansion - Essay Example The international finance dimension of political risks and foreign exchange encompass all the foreign exchange and political regulation put by a country to foreign investors. Almost every country has unique political and foreign exchange risks. By venturing into Ugandan market, PWC would be exposing itself to risks associated with this country. It would also be exposed to opportunities that arise due to both the regulation of foreign exchange and other political regulations. Uganda is a country that has few foreign exchange restrictions and does not charge very high interest rates to external investors. Therefore, this would be a potential opportunity for PWC in its attempt to venture into this market. However, this country is very politically unstable and its elections are always accompanied by violence. Therefore, its economy fluctuates from time to time, which can raise a potential risk to PWC. The market imperfection dimension of international finance encompasses legal restrictions, transaction/ transportation costs, information asymmetry, and discriminatory taxation (Eun & Resnick, 2007). This increases the cost of operation or even complicates the operations of the international organizations. Uganda has very few legal restrictions and discriminatory taxation and therefore this would act as a potential opportunity for PWC in its attempt to venture into this Ugandan market. However, Uganda is one of the most underdeveloped countries in the East African region. As a result, it has under-developed infrastructure and very few transactional services. Therefore, PWC might encounter high transactional/transportation cost as well as the unavailability of transactional/ transportation services. Expanded opportunity set dimension of international finance is the location of production in any country or region to maximize performance and raise funds (Eun & Resnick, 2007). In

Illegal Immigration in America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Illegal Immigration in America - Essay Example Throughout most of American history, America has portrayed an existence of invasion, and has stepped foot into almost every battlefield and continent in the world. Taking this aggressive stance towards diplomacy, America should not be able to forget its past, and say that after destroying so much land and taking over so many peoples, it is now not going to let immigration happen. After all, this country was built on immigrants, and to not allow immigrants into this country is simply against all past policies of the United States. To invade so many lands, and then turn the other check and not allow other people into our own country is hypocrisy, and should not be the stance America takes. Even at the start of our own history, Americans looked towards the West. The idea of Manifest Destiny grew up in popular opinion, and people began to push the boundaries of the United States further and further West. This feeling of territorial claim that the United States has to the rest of the fron tier was used to justify many of our territorial expansions. Manifest Destiny "has also been used to advocate for or justify other territorial acquisitions. Advocates of Manifest Destiny believed that expansion was not only good, but that it was obvious ("manifest") and certain ("destiny")" (Manifest, 2007). This idea is still relevant today, when people feel that America has the right, or even the calling to police other areas of the world. However, America tends to expand without thinking or care towards the native people of the land. When America was first being colonized for example, some historians estimate that up to 80% of some Native populations died due to European diseases"(Native, 2007). This apparent lack of disregard continued through American history, as we took over Native American lands and put them on reservations, all trying to further expand our power. But now, when other peoples look to move into this country, we are not allowing them to do so. Even if this country was one taken on behalf of other people. As America continued to grow, so did its outward policies of getting involved in other countries. However, today we will not return the favor by allowing other counties to send their immigrants to our land. For instance, in 1989 the United States intruded upon Panama, disposing a leader we did not approve of. The United States "incursion into Panama began on December 20, 1989, at 0100 local time. The operation involved 27,684 U.S. troops and over 300 aircraft -including the AC-130 Spectre gunship, OA-37B Dragonfly observation and attack aircraft, and the F-117A Nighthawk stealth aircraft and AH-64 Apache attack helicopter, the AH-64 and the F-117A both seeing their first combat deployment. These were deployed against the 16,000 members of the Panama Defense Force" (United,2007). We also set up a new President, a President we approved of. However, we were really justified in taking action in this region Or was the 'father' idea of the United States getting the best of us Either way, i f we were to invade a country, one would think that we would then allow immigrants from that country. However, one can see today that that is not the case, and that America is

International human resource and organizational behavior Coursework

International human resource and organizational behavior - Coursework Example Organizations should consider the complexity of HR when they form business mergers or alliance and decide to extend their operations globally (Briscoe, Schuler and Tarique 2012, p. 67). Amazon.com is among the leading Internet retailers along with Google, eBay, and Yahoo. Jeff Bezos, the CEO, started the company in 1994 by selling books and other products online. However, Amazon was officially launched in 1995 marking the birth of e-commerce practice in the retail industry. In the late 1990’s there was a boom in the â€Å"dot.com† industry and Amazon helped to grow the so-called online retailing or â€Å"e-tailing.† By then, Jeff Bezos was recruiting workers through a series of interviews other than hiring employees whom he believed that they would not sustain the fast growing e-tailing business. He recruited many employees who worked in the warehouses and offices that resembled the garage workplace, which was the original working place for Amazon. By 2000, amazon had moved its operations to other countries such as United Kingdom, Germany, Japan, Italy and others (Chakrabarti and Scholnik 2002, p. 90). In 2000, many companies in the e-tailing industry such as Barnes & Noble, eBay, Wal-Mart and Borders indicated huge losses due to decreasing prices of commodities sold online. The 1999 financial crisis lead to a huge fall in the stock value owned by Amazon. The Amazon stock lost value by forty per cent in January 2000. The fall of 2001 was associated with a loss of $1.411 billion, which resulted in the dismissal of around 1,300 workers. Due to the change, Bezos set aside stock enough compensate the laid off workers. It is evident that Amazon.com had frozen its operations in international shipping. The booming e-tailing business had crashed with most of the company’s activities being terminated. For example, the

Entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Entrepreneurship - Essay Example and urge to start a new business is not as difficult and important as sustaining the business through the full lifespan of the business lifecycle (Nowak, 1996). This essay therefore uses Zaarly as a case study of a startup business to understand from the perspective of Scott and Bruce (1987) and other scholars, what makes or unmake businesses in the first five years after they have been set up. Set up in February 2011, Zaarly is a private company founded by Eric Koester, Bo Fishback and Ian Hunter. The company is in the online retail industry with some unique dynamism that focuses on the creation of platform for users or anyone to hire a minion or sell whatever they have to sell to neighbours. Proximity is a central business idea for the founders, making Zaarly a proximity-based, real-time, and buyer-powered market platform (Steiner, 2011). Through the use of online platform, anyone can find people around them who offer services they are looking for, or products they are seeking to buy. In effect, Zaarly is a local marketplace that operates from an electronic basis. As serial entrepreneurs, each of the founders of Zaarly already has several start-ups that they personally manage. Zaarly has however been confirmed to be something different as it was set up with the objective of becoming the turning point in the online retail marketplace business (Swartz, 2011). Because of this objective, the three founders seem to have given Zaarly a lot more attention and focus, given the existing competition in the industry. Into the next five years, the company has been tagged to be a common household name for all who want to find the closest place around them where they can have their services and products provided. Shontell (2011) reports a seed capital of $1 million was raised for the official opening of Zaarly. This start-up capital however received a major investment boost when the company received Series A financing that amounted to $14.1 million. The main financiers of

Internal Control Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Internal Control - Case Study Example This paper will cover internal control requirements for a company, which decides to go public. The second concern to be addressed will be advice on the right things the company is doing and recommendation on a pending decision. Finally, the paper will address the things that the company is doing wrong and recommend ways of improvement. The action of taking a company public is considered as one of utmost importance. Remarkably, such an action has to be taken by the Chief Financial Officer in consultation with the Chief Executive Officer and the board. Going public comes with its own challenges and changes to the enterprise. The internal control requirements for LJB Company will change considerably with the decision to go public. As a small enterprise or a local distributor, senior management is involved in multiple responsibilities, which changes once the company goes public. One of the new internal controls will be separation/segregation of duties or assertions categorization (Whittington & Pany et al., 2004). Financial activity will have to be divided on clear boundaries to avoid overlapping duties. A single person will separate authorization of transactions, record keeping, and custody roles to prevent error or fraud. Another new control requirement will be the performance of internal audits verified by external auditors as stipulated under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. This is under the principle of independent review. LJB Company has an accountant, which is good for financial aspects of internal control. The accountant is tasked with retention of records by maintaining documents to substantiate transactions, which is being done at LJB as well. The accountant is also rightfully tasked with the duty of receiving checks and completing the monthly bank reconciliation. It would be advisable to buy the indelible ink machine to keep track of the pre-numbered invoices. This will result in accuracy in terms of the principle of record keeping. Numbering

How Will Repeated Oral Reading Practice Impact Reading Fluency Case Study

How Will Repeated Oral Reading Practice Impact Reading Fluency - Case Study Example I teach at an elementary school, J.B. Nachman, in Alexandria, Louisiana. The school starts at Pre-K and goes through to fifth grade. There are approximately 700 students in the school. Nachman is the solitary elementary school in the district that is not considered a Title One school. I teach third grade, and we are not currently departmentalized. There are 23 students in my class: eight African American students, thirteen white students and one Asian student. I have one child with an IEP, and he is with a resource teacher for a majority of the day. There are no other adults in my classroom. I have chosen a small group of students (eight children) for my project based on their most recent DIBELS scores. The children, under my watch, have scored well below benchmark and are likely to need intensive support with regard to oral reading fluency. These are children who enjoy reading and are not intimidated to read aloud, as much as they struggle with word recognition and fluency. Review of Literature Clearly, reading serves many purposes in our daily lives. We use it in our work and play. We use it to help us learn more about ourselves and about the world around us in addition to sharing information with others (Martin-Chang & Levy, 2005). The National Reading Panel Report (2000) contained conclusive research that indicated that reading fluency was an essential element of the entire reading process, and that it was crucial that it is taught to developing readers. â€Å"Just as children and adults love to watch favorite movies over and over, readers of all ages have books, or sections of books, that they enjoy reading and re-reading, time and time again† (Dowhower, 1994, p. 354). ... â€Å"Just as children and adults love to watch favorite movies over and over, readers of all ages have books, or sections of books, that they enjoy reading and re-reading, time and time again† (Dowhower, 1994, p. 354). Since the 1970s, researchers and scholars have collected data that supported the concept that multiple readings of connected text enhanced the reading skills of a regular student. Reading stories to young students, besides their personal rereading, at least three times proved to enrich reading development. This procedure of repeated readings was simple, yet extraordinarily powerful (Dowhower, 1994). Using the common round robin approach in the classroom, where students take turns reading a small portion of the story, substantially limited amount of practice each student received because no child was allowed to read for very long. In order for students to establish significant progress in reading, beyond the initial stages, they needed to be given sufficient opp ortunities to practice reading in a variety of text styles (Pikulski & Chard, 2003). Employing repeated reading on a regular basis in a variety of formats could impact word recognition, reading fluency and comprehension (Rasinski, 2003). There is much evidence to support claims that repeating reading instruction influenced fluency in a diverse array of students. The ultimate goal of repeated reading instruction was to then enable students to generalize fluency to new passages that were being read for the first time (Nanda & Frederick, 2007). According to Pikulski and Chard (2003), repeated oral reading is the most frequently documented approach to improving fluency, with improved outcomes for young students

Egyptian Civilization Essay Example for Free

Egyptian Civilization Essay In the modern world, colossal structures such as the Sphinx and the pyramids serve as reminders of the existence of the Egyptian Civilization. This ancient culture flourished along the Nile River, which had influenced and sustained the development of Egyptian Civilization. Flowing towards the north from the East Central Africa to the Mediterranean Sea, the Nile River served as a principal route for trade and had a role in uniting Upper and Lower Egypt. Without the Nile River, Egypt would become nothing but a vast desert. (Crosslands, n. d) The Three Periods Although dynasties characterized the Egyptian Civilization, the land maintained its unity. There are three periods that divided the Ancient Egyptian Civilization namely the Old Kingdom or Pyramid Age, the Middle Kingdom, and the New Kingdom (Crosslands, n. d). The Old Kingdom (2700 – 2200 BC) The ancient Egyptian rulers or pharaohs worked on maintaining a stable and centralized state. To the people, pharaohs were regarded as gods hence they were given absolute power as well as ownership and rule over the lands (Crossland, n. d. ). This period is known as the Pyramid Age because at this time, colossal structures known as pyramid were constructed by the Egyptians near Giza, situated at present-day Cairo. Because of their belief in after-life, the Egyptians kept tombs of their dead pharaohs in these pyramids. The construction process was so long and tedious that once a pharaoh assumed the throne, slaves are already tasked to start building the tomb of the new pharaoh. The struggle for power, failure of crops, and the expenses incurred for constructing the pyramids, were the major factors that brought about the collapse of the Old Kingdom (Crossland, n. d. ) The Middle Kingdom (2050 BC – 1800 BC) This period was marked by turbulence and chaos. Corruption and uprising usually took place. The rise of the Nile River was not as regular as it used to be. However, some pharaohs were still able to set-up an ambitious drainage project, paving the way for a huge stretch of arable lands. Nubia, the southern land proliferating with gold, was occupied by Egyptian armies. Crete was likewise opened to trading opportunities (Crossland, n. d. ). The Hyksos conquered the delta region and brought along their military technology. The new invaders were captivated by the customs, names, and beliefs of the Egyptians. They occupied the land for over 100 years. Eventually, the conquerors were driven out by new rulers which paved the way for the New Kingdom (Crossland, n. d. ). The New Kingdom Ramses II and Queen Hatshepsut were the most notable rulers of this time. By this time, the Egyptian civilization had already extended to the region of the Euphrates River. Contact with Middle Easterners as well as other sections of the African continent. At the conclusion of the reign of Ramses II, the strength of the Egyptian civilization began to decrease. Other powers like the Greeks, Romans, Persians, and Assyrians found their way into the Nile region (Crossland, n. d). Contribution to Modern Civilization The Egyptians are credited for various contributions in different fields of interest. In the field of medicine, the Egyptians had good surgeons and doctors. Egypt had an advanced understanding of the human body (Crossland, n. d). It was the Egyptians who first utilized the 365 days a year format in the calendar. It showed more precision than the original lunar calendar using the moons revolution around the earth. The Egyptian calendar came into being in 4200 BC, and became the basis for the one being used in modern times (Crossland, n. d) Sumerian Civilization While the Nile River was the venue for the Egyptian civilization, similarly the Sumerian culture flourished in the banks of the Tigris and Euphrates River around 4000 BC. Unlike other societies, however, the Sumerians had a unique community comparable to civilizations of their time as well as future societies. If pharaohs ruled Egyptian society, the Sumerians built their settlements in temples and priests were the rulers (Watkins, n. d). The Sumerian civilization was composed of separate city-states. Sumer was strategically protected by the Persian Gulf as well as by Euphrates River. From the bodies of water, the city was protected by walls. The temples were located in a separate section of the city (Watkins, n. d). The Sumerian civilization was erased from the annals of history in 2000 BC as a result of military invasions by people from Semitic culture. The most notable empire was that of Sargon (Watkins, n. d). Contributions to Modern World The Sumerians had a technology more advanced than any other civilization of their time. In fact, they influenced other civilizations particularly the Babylonians in the north. They influenced Upper Egypt through the Persian Gulf and Lower Egypt via the eastern Mediterranean coast. Finally, the civilization lying along the Indus River Valley may have some Sumerian influence as well (Watkins, n. d). The Sumerian civilization contributed cuneiform writing as well as systematic record keeping, social and economic organizations, the plow. Their most significant contribution to modern civilization is dividing a day into 24 hours and an hour to 60 minutes (Watkins, n. d). The Babylonian Civilization The culture of the Babylonians became prominent between the fall of the third Ur Dynasty which happened in 1950 BC and the conclusion of the first Babylonian civilization in 1533 BC. The ancient Babylonian culture reached its grandeur during the time of the Amorites until it became the principal city in ancient Iraq(Iraq UN Mission, n. d). King Hammurabi is the most notable ruler of ancient Babylon. He laid the groundwork for the establishment of his dynasty. Hammurabi set his sights on building a strong political and military society. He established a legal system based on the Code of Hammurabi. It is believed that this code was the basic for future legal concepts. In fact, the saying â€Å"Eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth† was established on this code (Iraq UN Mission, n. d. The Akkadian Civilization The culture of Akkadia flourished from 2350 – 2159 BC. Before settling in Mesopotamia, the Akkadians hailed from the Arab peninsula. Its founder is Sargon who established Akkas as the capital city. The Akkadian culture is located in a region which is now occupied by Baghdad (Iraq UN Mission, n. d. Although there were traces of Sumerian influences, the Akkadians established new concepts and practices in the field of politics, social living, arts, and the military (Iraq UN Mission, n. d. The Persian Civilization Alexander the Great is undoubtedly the greatest ruler of Persia. During his reign, he strived to unite Persians into a great nation. Alexanders dream, however, did not materialize after he died. His military generals fought against each other in an attempt to become ruler of the once mighty Persian Empire. One of Alexanders generals succeeded in conquering the entirely Persian region of the empire (Ellis Horne, 1913). Another of the greatest Persian king was Artexerxes who ruled Persia after the Parthinians conquered the empire in 250 BC. The Persians are strong and fierce warriors who will not simply go away in battle. This was evident in the battle for Petra, one of the most notable wars in historical annals (Ellis Horne, 1913). The Greatest Civilization in the World I believe that the greatest civilization in the world is the Egyptian civilization. Their greatness in the field or architecture is still very much evident in the pyramids and the Sphinx. I have never visited the pyramids or seen the sphinx yet but accounts by tourists who have seen the colossal structure leave the place in awe. The richness of the Egyptian culture is likewise stored underneath these structures which served as tombs of ancient pharaohs. The Egyptians have likewise stamped their expertise in mathematics and astronomy. The old lunar calendar, which is based on the rotation of the moon around the earth, is a proof of their excellence in this field. References Ellis, E. S. , Horne, C. F. ,(1913). The Story of the Greatest Nations and the Worlds Famous Events. Iraq UN Mission(n. d. ). Civilizations. Retrieved June 17 2008 from http://www. iraqunmission. org/node/27 Ms. Croft-Crosslands Standard(n. d). Ancient Egypt. Retrieved June 17 2008 from http://home. cf1. rr. com/crossland/AncientCivilizations/Ancient_Egpyt/ancient_egypt. html Watkins, T(n. d. ). Sumer. San Jose State University. Retrieved June 17, 2008 from http://www. sjsu. edu/faculty/watkins/sumer. htm

African American Essay Example for Free

African American Essay Literature gives writers of all creeds the vehicle to express themselves in numerous ways – love, hate, fear, sadness, and hope. Writers give their interpretations of life through verse and bring readers of their works into their world for just a moment. Although some may consider race and ethnicity the same, they are totally different. An example of this is in the poems, What Its Like to Be a Black Girl by Patricia Smith and Child of the Americas by Aurora Levins Morales. Both authors give their view of how race and ethnicity plays a part in one’s life when it comes to even the simplest decision. Growing up in a diverse community has its advantages. It is amazing to see people trying to guess each other’s race and ethnicity. Innocent as it may seem at a young age to do this, it may have been the precursor to feelings towards the opposite race. The United States is a melting pot of different races coming together for one purpose – to have a good life. This means raising a family, having a good job, buying a car and home without fear of being discriminated against. In the stories by two diverse women shows how race and ethnicity played a large part in developing their lives. Race is defined in layman terms as â€Å"the concept of dividing people into populations or groups on the basis of various sets of physical characteristics which result from genetic ancestry† (Diffen, 2013). Race encompasses the color of one’s skin (Causcasion – white, Asian – yellow), facial features (African American – physical features, Latinos – height) and so on. Ethnicity is defined in layman terms as â€Å"an ethnic group or ethnicity is a population of human beings whose members identify with each other, on the basis of a real or a presumed common genealogy or ancestry† (Diffen, 2013). Ethnicity encompasses ancestry of one’s family tree. Some believe they may be the descendants of Roman culture and others feel they are descendants of a culture before the time of Christ. Thanks to modern day technology, most have found they are part of a past culture or cultures – a mixture of cultures. According to the website, Difference Between explains the difference between race and ethnicity as: 1. Ethnicity gives us room to change because we can reject our own and embrace another. You can move from one region to another and assimilate your beliefs, actions and customs to identify with that ethnic orientation. You cannot do the same with race. 2. Race is your biologically engineered features. It can include skin color, skin tone, eye and hair color, as well as a tendency toward developing certain diseases. It is not something that can be changed or disguised (Difference Between, 2013). In the story, What Its Like Being a Black Girl by Patricia Smith, the author gives the audience an insider’s view into a young black girl’s transition into black woman-hood when being African American (Black) was not as welcomed as being white. â€Å"It’s being 9 years old and feeling like you’re not finished like your edges are wild, like there’s something, everything, wrong. † (Smith, 2013). Smith writes that growing up in this era for a young â€Å"black girl† is having the feeling of being awkward her body is changing and people will see her differently. For Smith, this hope is for the opportunity to live a life where she can become a doctor, lawyer or celebrated writer. In addition, a hope that people will see her through eyes of respect for her work and not her skin color or ethnic background. Author Aurora Levins Morales writes for those struggling to find their identities and their voices and speaks on issues pertaining to history and the multicultural experience. In the poem, Child of the Americas, Morales gives her views on life as an American of mixed race. It is a poem about an American who came from a mixture of various cultures that comprise her heritage and her identity as an American. â€Å"I am a child of the Americas, a light-skinned mestiza of the Caribbean, a child of many diaspora, born into this continent at a crossroads. I am a U. S. Puerto Rican Jew, a product of the ghettos of New York I have never known† (Morales, 2013). Morales continues â€Å"I am not African. Africa is in me, but I cannot return. I am not taina. Taino is in me, but there is no way back. I am not European. Europe lives in me, but I have no home there† (Morales, 2013). Morales believes she is a melting pot filled with different ethnic backgrounds but will not be accepted in these native countries because people of that country will only see the outside – her skin color, her hair, her eyes. We have all done this – guessing the ethnicity of a person – is she mixed with African or is she mixed with German, is he Italian or is he French? We do not get to know the person – we automatically judged them by the way they look. Both Morales and Smith write about what most people in this country are experiencing on a daily basis – racial and ethnic prejudice. However, in the 1970’s, African Americans embraced their African background by donning dashikis and wearing their hair in Afros and braids. This led to most people in this country to investigate their ethnic backgrounds. Now in the 2013, people are going to sites such as Ancestry to find out about their ethnic and racial history. People want to know more about their past in hopes it will show them where they are going. Even in the writing arena, both authors faced challenges getting their works published because of their race. Luckily, according to author Lee, brave publishers have pushed to have more and more authors of color works published. â€Å"Much of the work by mixed-race artists, though certainly not all of it, reveals the fault lines and pressure points that still exist in a rapidly changing America. It is on these rough edges that many multiracial people live, and where many artists find the themes that animate their work: the limits of tolerance, hidden or unacknowledged assumptions about identity, and issues of racial privilege and marginalization† (Lee, 2011). Still, a small percentage of publishers will not published women of color’s literary works. This is why many ethnic writers have established their own publishing houses and stores, such as Wal-mart, stock ethnic materials from not only well-known authors but those new to the literary arena. In an article by Martin Arnold detailing his interview with author and publisher Melody Guy, she states, â€Å"most of our first novels have an initial printing of between 17,000 and 20,000 copies, and a majority of them went back for second and thirds, and most are paying royalties. This is true for other women of diverse ethnic backgrounds. Smith and Morales gives the reader insight into their complicated lives as writers with diverse backgrounds. Although they differ in race and ethnicity, both encounter the same problems living in a country whose racial make-up is rich with diverse personalities. Smith wrote about growing up with a stigma already attached to her as an African American female wanting to be like her white counterparts. â€Å"it’s dropping food coloring in your eyes to make them blue and suffering their burn in silence. It’s popping a bleached white mophead over the kinks of your hair and primping in front of mirrors that deny your reflection† (Spoken Word Academy, 2013). In Morales’s world, it about being a born in this country, speaking a different language in addition to having a different skin color and being told she is still a foreigner. â€Å"I am a U. S. Puerto Rican Jew, a product of the ghettos of New York I have never known. An immigrant and the daughter and granddaughter of immigrants. I speak English with passion: it’s the tongue of my consciousness† (Diaz, 2013). Literature gives writers of all creeds the vehicle to express themselves in numerous ways – love, hate, fear, sadness, and hope. Growing up in the United States, race and ethnicity is a big issue especially when it comes to finding a job, a home and getting an education. People should not judge each other by their race or ethnicity. Getting to know the person – their thoughts, dreams, ambitions – should be first and foremost. Smith and Morales found a common outlet for their frustrations with life where they live and how they live – literature. With their literary writings about growing up in America struck a familiar cord with many in this land of many races. It is because of their writings, people can gain a better understanding of how life is on the other side – the diverse side – of life in America. What It’s Like To Be A Black Girl (For Those Of You Who Aren’t) By Patricia Smith first of all, it’s being 9 years old and feeling like you’re not finished, like your edges are wild, like there’s something, everything, wrong, it’s dropping food coloring in your eyes to make them blue and suffering their burn in silence. It’s popping a bleached white mophead over the kinks of your hair and primping in front of mirrors that deny your reflection. It’s finding a space between your legs, a disturbance at your chest, and not knowing what to do with the whistles, it’s jumping double dutch until your legs pop, it’s sweat and Vaseline and bullets, it’s growing tall and wearing a lot of white, it’s smelling blood in your breakfast, it’s learning to say **** with grace but learning to **** without it, it’s flame and fists and life according to Motown, it’s finally having a man reach out for you then caving in around his fingers. (Spoken Word Academy, 2013).

Theories of Motivation Comparison and Analysis

Theories of Motivation Comparison and Analysis Most contemporary theories recognize that motivation begins with individual needs. Needs are deficiencies that energize or trigger behaviors to satisfy those needs. At some point in your life, you might have a strong need for food and shelter. At other tomes, your social needs may be unfulfilled. Unfulfilled needs create a tension that makes you want to find ways to reduce or satisfy those needs. The stronger your needs, the more motivated you are to satisfy them. Conversely, a satisfied need does not motivate. In this section, we will look at the four content theories of motivation that dominate organizational thinking today Maslows theory: According to Maslow, human needs from hierarchy, starting at the bottom with the physiological needs and reaching to the highest needs of self actualization. He says when one set of needs are satisfied, then they try to full fill the next need from hierarchy. physiological needs: these are the basic necessities of human life like food, clothing, shelter etc.He says until these needs are satisfied to the required level , man does not aim for the satisfaction of next higher level needs. As for a organization is concerned these needs include basic needs like pay, allowance, incentives and benefits security safety needs: these refer to the needs to be free of physical danger or the feeling of loss of food , job or shelter these needs as far as organization is concerned include conformity, security plans, membership in union, severance pay etc. Social needs: physiological and security needs are satisfied these social needs begin occupying the mind of man. This is exactly why he looks for the association of other human beings and strives hard to be accepted b its group; social needs at work place include human relations, formal and informal work group. Esteem needs: these needs are power, prestige, status and self confidence. Every man has a feeling of importance and he wants others to regard him highly. These needs make people aim high and make them achieve something great. These needs for employees include staus symbol, awards, promotions, titles etc. Self actualization: this is the highest need in hierarchy. This refers to the desire to become what one is capable of becoming. Man tries to maximize his potential and accomplish something, when these needs are activated in him. As said earlier the individuals processed from physiological needs to safety needs and so on and so forth only when each need is satisfied. If any need is not satisfied, the individual sticks to that need and strives to fulfill that need. MASLOWS HIERARCHY Herzberg theory(1959) Maslows theory has been modified by herzberg and he called it two factor theory of motivation. According to him the first groups of needs are things such as company policy and administration, supervision, working conditions, interpersonal relations, salary, status, job security and personal life. Herzberg called this factor as dissatisfiers and not motivators. These are also refered to as hygiene factors. Maintenance factors or dissatisfiers motivation factors or satisfiers Job context job content Extrinsic factor   intrinsic factor Company policy and administration   achievement Quality of supervision recognition Relations with supervisors   work itself Work conditions   responsibility Pay   advancement Peer relations   possibility of growth Personal life Relations with subordinates Status Job security Second group are satisfiers, in the sense that they are motivators. These factors are related to job content. He included the factors like achievement, recognition, challenging work, advancement and growth in this category. Presence of these factors will yield feelings of satisfaction. Herzberg theory is also called as motivation hygiene theory. Herzberg conducted a study by asking questions. What do the people want for a job? He asked the respondents to describe situations are events when they feel exceptionally good and bad about their job. Herzberg did not the cover the relationship between job satisfaction and productivity, though he assumed that there is a relationship between these two factors. Alders ERG theory(1972) Alder also feels that needs should be categorized and that there is a basic distinction between lower order needs and higher order needs . alder identified three groups of needs Existence, Relatedness and Growth and that is why his theory is called ERG theory.the existence needs are based with survival, or physiological well being.the relatedness talk about the importance of interpersonal and social relationship. The growth needs are concerned with the individuals intrinsic desire for personal development. This theory is some what similar to maslows and herzberg theory . but unlike maslows and herzberg he does not assert that lower needs has to be satisfied before higher level needs . so a persons background and culture environment may make him think of relatedness needs or growth needs though his existency needs are unfulfilled. Alders simplification of maslows need hierarchy: Needs are arranged in order of importance Unsatisfied needs motivate individuals Alders theory suggests that individual needs can be divided into three groups existence (physiological and safety) relatedness (social) growth (esteem and self actualization) alders theory differs from maslows theory in a number of important respects. Alderfer argued that it was better to think in terms of continuum rather than a hierarchy. From concrete exixtence needs to least concrete growth needs and argued that you can move along this in either direction. Maslow argued that when satisfied a need becomes less important to an individual, but alderfers argues that relatedness or growth needs become more important when satisfied . this means that team working arrangements can continue to motivate employees and are not necessarily superseded by growth needs. Mc Clellands theory: this theor was developed by David McClelland a Harvard physiologist and his associates.the theory focuses on three needs In his acquired-needs theory, David McClelland proposed that an individuals specific needs are acquired over time and are shaped by ones life experiences. Most of these needs can be classed as either achievement, affiliation, or power. A persons motivation and effectiveness in certain job functions are influenced by these three needs. McClellands theory sometimes is referred to as the three need theory or as the learned needs theory. 1. Need for achievement: (n Ach) need for achievement refers to the drive to excel, to achieve in relation to set standards and and to strive to succeed McClelland from his research that high achievers differentiate themselves from others by doing the same work in different ways . they perform best when they perceive their probability of success as being 0.5. they seek quick feed back on their performance in Order to improve or correct the action before it goes wrong. They accept personal responsibility for success or failure. Want to take personal responsibility for solving problem Goal oriented set moderate, realistic, attainable goal Seek challenge, excellence and individuality Take calculated, moderate risk Willing to work hard and desire concrete feedback on their performance Need for power (n pow) need for power refers to the desire to make others behave in a way that they would not otherwise have behaved in. In other words need for power is the desire o have impact, to be influential and control others. Want to control the situation and want control over others Enjoy competition and winning, do not like to lose willing to confront others Need for affiliation: (n Aff) seek close relationship with others and to be liked by others enjoy lots of social activities seek to belong, join groups and organization PROCESS THEORY: Process theories are concerned with the thought processes that influence behaviour. Two such theories are Expectancy theory and Equity theory A) Vrooms expectancy theory: Vrooms formula: motivation=expectancy X value According to this theory motivation of any individual depends on the desired goal and strength of his expectation of achieving goals. A vrooms model is built mainly on three concepts valency, instrumentality and expectancy. Valency: The value a person places on the outcome or reward vroom says that valency is the strength of individuals preference for a particular outcome. it can be taken as an equivalent of value, incentive, attitude and expected utility . for the value to be positive the person must prefer attaining the out come to not to attain the outcome. A valency of zero occurs , when the individual is indifferent towards the outcome. the valency is negative when the individual prefers not attaining outcome to attaining it . Expectancy: A person perception of the probability of accomplishing an objective the third major variable in vrooms theory is expectancy. though expectancy and instrumentality appear to be the same at the first glance they are quite different . Expectancy is a probability (ranging from 0 to 1) or strength of a belief that a particular action or effort will leave to a particular first level outcome. Instrumentality refers to the degree to which a first level outcome will lead to the second level outcome. vroom says the sum of these variables is motivation. Expectancy theory works best with employees who have n internal locus of control. To motivate using the expectancy theory: clearly define objectives clearly define necessary performance needed to achieve them tie performance to rewards be sure rewards are of value to the employees Make sure your employees believe you will do as you promise. Vrooms theory also suggests: Both internal (needs) and external (environment) factors affect behaviour Behaviour is the individuals decision People have different needs, desires and goals People make behaviour decisions based on their perception of the outcome. Adams Equity Theory: based on the comparison of perceived inputs to outputs. People perceive themselves in one of three positions Both the inputs and outputs of person and others or based upon the persons perceptions. Age, sex, education economic and social status , skill, experience, training, effort, education, past performance, present performance ,level of difficulty , position in the organization etc, are examples of perceived input variables . Outcomes consist of rewards like pay status promotion and intrinsic interest in the job. Equitably rewarded:( they are satisfied that there inputs and outputs are equal) Inputs and outputs are perceived as being equal. Under rewarded: (they perceive there inputs exceed their output) Efforts to reduce inequity by trying to increase outputs Reducing inputs(working less, absenteeism) Rationalizing(creating an explanation for the inequity) Changing others inputs or outputs Leaving Changing the objective of comparision Over rewarded: people dont usually get upset when they are over rewarded , but they may increase inputs or reduce outputs to maintain equity) Increasing inputs (working more, longer hours, etc) Reducing output(taking a pay cut) Rationalizing (Im worth it) Increasing other outputs Inequity occurs when : Persons outcomes others outcomes Persons inputs others inputs Persons outcomes others outcomes persons inputs others inputs Equity occurs when: Persons outcomes others outcomes - = Persons inputs others inputs INPUTS: Time Effort Loyalty Hard Work Commitment Ability Adaptability Flexibility Tolerance Determination Enthusiasm Personal sacrifice Trust in superiors Support from co-workers and colleagues OUTCOMES: Outputs are defined as the positive and negative consequences that an individual perceives a participant has incurred as a consequence of his/her relationship with another. When the ratio of inputs to outcomes is close, than the employee should have much satisfaction with their job. Outputs can be both tangible and intangible (Walster, Traupmann Walster, 1978). Typical  outcomes include any of the following: Job security Esteem Salary Employee benefit Expenses Recognition Reputation Responsibility Sense of achievement Praise Forming equity perceptions: Step 1: a person evaluates how he or she is being treated by the firm. Step 2: the person forms a perception of how a comparision other is being treated Step 3: the person compares his or her own circumstances with those of the comparision other Step 4: on the strength of this feeling , the person may choose to pursue one or more alternatives. It is important to also consider the Adams Equity Theory factors when striving to improve an employees job satisfaction, motivation level, etc., and what can be done to promote higher levels of each. JOB SATISFACTION: Job satisfaction, a workers sense of achievement and success, is generally perceived to be directly linked to productivity as well as to personal wellbeing. Job satisfaction implies doing a job one enjoys, doing it well, and being suitably rewarded for ones efforts. Job satisfaction further implies enthusiasm and happiness with ones work. For the organization, job satisfaction of its workers means a work force that is motivated and committed to high quality performance. Increased productivity-the quantity and quality of output per hour worked-seems to be a byproduct of improved quality of working life. It is important to note that the literature on the relationship between job satisfaction and productivity is neither conclusive nor consistent. However, studies dating back to Herzbergs (1957) have shown at least low correlation between high morale and high productivity, and it does seem logical that more satisfied workers will tend to add more value to an organization. Unhappy employees, who are motivated by fear of job loss, will not give 100 percent of their effort for very long. Though fear is a powerful motivator, it is also a temporary one, and as soon as the threat is lifted performance will decline. Creating job satisfaction: Flexible work arrangements, possibly including telecommuting Training and other professional growth opportunities Interesting work that offers variety and challenge and allows the worker opportunities to put his or her signature on the finished product Opportunities to use ones talents and to be creative Opportunities to take responsibility and direct ones own work A stable, secure work environment that includes job security/continuity An environment in which workers are supported by an accessible supervisor who provides timely feedback as well as congenial team members Flexible benefits, such as child-care and exercise facilities Up-to-date technology Competitive salary and opportunities for promotion

Reflection of Cannibalistic Societies through Diary of a Madman And the

The meager image depicted by Lu Xun's 'Diary of a Madman' projects an illustration of society that stresses submission to authority, and the ultimate compliance to tradition. Lu Xun battles the idea that society is constantly being manipulated and controlled by the masses of people who know no better than to follow tradition. His story 'Diary of a Madman' gives the representation of a culture that has not only failed, but failed by the cannibalistic nature of humans corrupting them-selves over and over again therefore feeding upon themselves. The analysis of 'Diary of a Madman' gives way to a new interpretation of societies of the past, present, and future. Following the idea that history tends to repeat itself, I have paralleled the idea that society as a whole can be seen as cannibalistic not only in the reference by Lu Xun, but also in the current society we live in today. Only through willingness to change can societies transform their behaviors and actions giving way to i mprovement. To gain insight into the cannibalistic representation of society, the writing style of Lu Xun must first be addressed. The preface of ?Diary of a Madman? is written in classical Chinese language, where Lu Xun uses an ironic technique to suggest a false, polite world made exclusively by social appearance. This traditional approach to literature shows the conventional method that is followed by those who act upon the ways of the past and the culturally accepted methods of the masses. As the story unfolds the story leaves the classical Chinese language and moves to the informal language that is known by the common societies. Lu Xun also incorporates the diarist and main character of the story, and uses him as a reflection of the curre... ...s,? we can still do our best to improve. And we can start today!? (p. 1927). The story ?Diary of a Madman? produces hope of a future existing that rejects oppressive traditionalism, and the liberation of the individual and asks society to recognize the problem and help save society by, ?saving the children? (p. 1929). ?Diary of a Madman? is a depiction of society that stresses observance to a powerful authority, and the ultimate compliance to tradition. Lu Xun explains the idea that society is constantly being controlled and devoured by the masses of people who know no better than to follow tradition. His story gives the representation of a culture that has conformed to the cannibalistic nature of humans that feed upon themselves. Only through willingness to change and evolution can societies transform their behaviors and actions giving way to improvement.

indians :: essays research papers

â€Å"James Luna, A Native American Man,† is an insightful, cut the bullshit, view of the modern Indian culture. I identify with Luna’s viewpoints as I have seen many of the situations he describes with his art to be true to life. I have spent a lot of time in Northern Canada fishing with my brother and father. The areas we visit are predominantly Indian reservations. Having spent quite a bit of time getting to know these types of towns and people, I have grown aware of some of the many problems that surround the modern day reservation lifestyle. It is true that most people have romantic and Disneyland-ish ideas about what it means to be a modern Indian, the most of which are complete fantasy. The reality behind the situation seems to be the exact opposite. The majority of reservation towns are dirty, poor, and run-down. Many of the people have alcohol and drug related problems starting at a young age. At a quick drive through one might assume he was passing through another slum. There are no teepees, no headdresses, and no rituals. For the most part there is only poverty. Unless the town is lucky enough to have a casino, the majority of the people live month to month on their reparation checks. This is where I believe, as do many of the Indians I have spoken to, the problem lies. The idea of reparations sounds good enough in theory. Pay people back for what was taken from them long ago. The long-term effects of reparations though tend to be devastating to the Indian culture. Why would giving people free money be harmful? Quite simply, handouts deprive people of pride, a sense of equality and belonging, and especially motivation. The people I have talked to all claim the same thing†¦Children growing up know that they don’t have to work if they don’t want to. That tends to be the common attitude of the reservation Indian. This also encourages what Luna calls, â€Å"Wannabee’s,† to try and get in on the action for a chunk of change. And lets not forget the known tendencies toward alcohol and addiction that makes it even easier to drink and pass the time, rather than having to work and entrepreneur.

College Admissions Essay: The Experience that Changed My Life :: College Admissions Essays

The Experience that Changed My Life    I volunteered with Outreach Kenya Development Volunteers for three months in Bungoma, Kenya. As a team of six volunteers, we lived with a traditional Kenya family and shared in their daily experiences. Our primary focus this summer was AIDS education. We reached over 7,000 Kenyans about the potential dangers of HIV/AIDS. We used a secondhand vehicle bought by OKDV during the summer of 2000 and an old TV and generator to educate Kenyans. We traveled throughout rural western Kenya and reached people of all age groups and backgrounds. One day, we would teach a group of two hundred high school students whereas on another day, we educated a women's group of ten members. As well, using funds collected from private donors throughout the academic year, we built the first public library in Western Province, Kenya as well as a preschool in Kabula village (the village we lived in this summer). OKDV also worked with several women's groups to set them up with capital so that they could start up t heir own sewing shops and schools. By providing them with initial capital, they were left to their own creative and business skills to make efficient use of resources.    I don't think there are enough words to describe the amazing experience I had this summer. I believe my whole perspective on life has changed for the better. After living in a developing country for three months, I have realized just how most of the world lives. It was as though I got a true glimpse of the human condition. There are so many poignant images that appear in my mind when I think of Africa; street children begging for money, AIDS patients wasting away in the darkness of a tiny room, stacked skulls at genocide sites in Rwanda and many more. But what gives me hope and keeps my spirits optimistic are the positive images; people welcoming me into their homes, laughing and playing with children who don't even speak the same language as I do and many more. Even though Africa is a continent of contrasts, my summer experience helped me shatter my own stereotypes of the land and offered me an honest glimpse into the lives of ordinary Africans. Not only did I get a glimpse at their lives but also got to make a difference in their lives.

Physics of a Light Bulb

Physics of a Light Bulb Catherine Bellet Lab Partners: Natalie Russell Alex Harris TA: Chad Lunceford PHY 114 TH @ 2:25pm Abstract: Ohm’s law states, via the equation V=I*R, that the voltage found across a piece of material is proportional to the current. If the temperature remains constant therefore the resistance is found to remain constant. Stefan-Boltzmann law states that when the temperature if above an average of 1000K, then the relationship of voltage and current should be found to be consistent with the formula AT4.The experimental data found in this, Physics of a Light Bulb, experiment both correlates and verifies the Stefan-Boltzmann law. The voltage and current were found to be proportional to one another, verifying Ohm’s law. In addition, the fact that radiation away from the light bulb is indeed proportional to the fourth power of temperature was observed and again verified through a linear fit graph. The percent error found between the two experimental B v alues was found to be an average 6%. This showing proving that the experiment was decently accurate.Objective: To measure the relation between voltage and current in a small flashlight bulb; to determine the temperature of the filament; to verify the Stefan-Boltzmann law of radiation. Procedure: Begin the experiment by correctly setting up the circuit. Using the DMM set, find the resistance of the cold filament of the bulb at room temperature. Open a pre-set experiment file, than connect the circuit to the bulb. Slowly increase the output signal from the power supply, as the voltage reaches 10V, immediately bring the power supply back down to zero.There should be an observed recorded data and graph in the experimental file. From the recording, highlight the resistance of the cold filament from the data which corresponds to the current ? 0. 08A. Apply a linear fit which in return will give the slope, which represents the bulb resistance. Copy and paste the recorded data into Graphica l Analysis, insert various calculated columns, in order to find the temperature of the hot filament and to test the relationship versus power and temperature. Repeat for a second set of data.Use the graphs to conclude if the Stefan-Boltzmann law is obeyed. Experimental Data: See attached graphs. Results: Resistance of Cold Filament| Experimental Bulb Resistance| % Difference| B1 from Graph1(W/K)| B2 from Graph2(W/K)| % Difference| Theoretical B (W/K)| % Error of B1| % Error of B2| 2. 5? | 2. 46? | 1. 61%| 4. 26| 3. 76| 12. 5%| 4| 6. 19%| 6. 33%| Data Analysis: Discussion: The objective of the lab, Physics of a Light Bulb, was to measure the relationship between voltage and current in a small light bulb, be able to determine the temperature of the filament. nd to verify the Stefan-Boltzmann law of radiation. After completing the lab, the relationship between both the voltage and current was found to be linear, as long as the current is below or at 0. 08 A. This correlation proves Ohm ’s law therefore current through a metal conductor is proportional to the applied voltage. Through measurement and observations of the printed graphs, the temperature of the filament of the light bulb was found to be around the value of 1300K.Using the data supplied from the new calculated columns, the verification of the Stefan-Boltzmann law of radiation was proved to hold true. The law states that when the temperature is above an average value of 1000K, then the relationship between voltage and current is consistent with the formula AT4. When analyzing the curve fit of the power versus temperature graph, it is indeed observed that the experimental value given corresponds with the theoretical function that the power radiated away from the light bulb is surely proportional to the fourth power of temperature.The percent error observed for both experimental B values, when compared to the theoretical value of 4, shows to be an average of 6%, not a large value of error present. T herefore, the overall system present in the experiment proved to be both precise and accurate. Considering the percent difference between the two experimental resistors was found to be a mere 1. 61%. The percent difference between the two experimental B values was that of a higher value, 12. 5%.This may indeed have been caused by the fact that the sectioning of data for the second B value was less accurate than that of the first B value. Conclusion: At the conclusion of the experiment, Physics of a Light Bulb, the objective was surely met. The goal was to distinguish the relationship between voltage and current, as well as finding the temperature of the filament, and also to verify the Stefan-Boltzmann law of radiation. Through experimental values, it was observed that the relationship of voltage and current is found to be linear when the current is at or below 0. 8A. The temperature of the filament was also observed to be an average of about 1300K and greater. By taking the values of the Power versus Temperature graph, and creating a new Power versus Temperature raised to the fourth graph and thus applying a linear fit, the relationship of voltage and current was found to be consistent with AT4 and verifying Stefan-Boltzmann law of radiation. Current is indeed proportional to the applied voltage.

The Relevance of Religion to Society

end-to-end history, the impact of the Darwinian Theory has reimbursed the humanity of only pietisms in major societies and has inevitably enforced relevance into the innovative institution. pietism is a set of article of beliefs imposed by the elders of gild to implement the moral determine obligatory to preserve the society, which exploits a belief in the witching(prenominal) to administer the rules. In the sophisticated day world, societies with holiness are more than likely to survive than those without religion because of the community, compassion, lack of anarchy or murder, family structures, etc. hich are reinforced through and through the worship and beliefs religions entrust. In a primitive society, without ultra recent day methods of transportation of communication, religions could not coming together each early(a)s beliefs as strongly as it occurs in be times. However, a means of religion was that it was necessary to build societies stable enough to draw about the technological advancements gather uped to fill these religious beliefs into conflict. Conversely, in the modern world, the belatedly set of beliefs in supernatural powers has deceivingly led raft to cause more harm than good.This is because people are volition to fight and die to force their beliefs upon others in a time when science and engineering have reached levels high enough to dis feature or make obsolete the claims of supernatural powers on which those beliefs are based. In Christianity, The countersign is used to help us knuckle under to the knowledge and understanding of God, however, we alike need to continuously apply some of the normative and hermeneutics of the Bible in order to take away a better light on the understanding and evaluation of our modern culture.The substantial application of every biblical text edition without contextualization or understanding is a booby trap we all need to avoid. Although, partaking in these acts is what considers our sprightliness in day-to-day modern society to be enriched and fulfilled in the fill in and care of our lord. This inevitably establishes Christianity to be an immensity in modern society as it helps to indoctrinate the good in all beings surrounding us and in ones self. such(prenominal) like Christianity, Buddhism also establishes a phase of traditions, beliefs and practices largely based on teachings attributed to Siddhartha Gautama who is unremarkably cognise as the Buddha, meaning the waken one. He is recognized by Buddhists as an awakened or teach teacher who shared his insights to help stirred beings end their suffering through the settlement of ignorance by way of understanding and the visual perception of dependent origination and the elimination of craving, and thereof the attainment of the cessation of all suffering, known as the sublime state of nirvana.Buddhists globally preach and also worship this teach religion to enrich their lives and many l ives nearly them thus having an important relevance of that to modern day society. An example of such for religions in modern day society whoremaster be expressed through the similar and selfless characteristics of one man, Bill supply. render is an American business magnate, investor, programmer, inventor and philanthropist. Gates is the former chief executive and genuine chairman of Microsoft, the worlds largest personal-computer bundle company. He is constantly recognized as one of the wealthiest men animate.However, his what seems to be unending richness is not all he is acknowledged for. Bills figure in starting his very own globalized charity in which he donates overmuchness amounts of money to is one of the many other feats he is known for disregarding technology. He unselfishly gives others a chance through donation, which have nothing to reason with. This actually comes across as an act of kindness, and also that of Jesus himself. If these acts can honestly gli de under the radar without becoming noteworthy in day-to-day society, then that is when religion becomes much less pertinent.Although, throughout our modern day culture, random acts of kindness and gestures never seem to go unrewarded. This then leads me to cogitate that without religion, or some sort of just justice or notability system, the world today in which we live in would merely crash and burn. This can be reasoned by the terroristic acts that occur day by day around the globe. If religion were not alive today, it wouldnt give the victimized people or country of an attack believe in a better future(a) for tomorrow. In short, religion in modern day society is more relevant now, than it ever has been.

Gun Free School Zone

United States Vs. Lopez (1995) HIS 303 March 28, 2010 United States Vs. Lopez (1995) earlier I tail expiry appropriately discuss the mentation given by the US Supreme chat up legal experts I feel that at first I must explain the setting of what happened and the misgiving that was brought forwards the justices of the US Supreme courtroom and the facts of the faux pas. During this paper I will try to give virtually background information as easily as the confused spirits related to this issue. I will tackle to lose it and discuss the everywhereall final come forwardcome as issued by the courts in 1995.On March 10, 1992 Alfonzo Lopez Jr. , who was whence a 12th-grade student (senior), arrived at Edison elevated initiate in San Antonio, Texas, carrying on his person a concealed . 38 caliber handgun and five bullets. performing on an anonymous tip, the civilise authorities confronted Alfonzo, who right a mode admitted to having the weapon. He was arrested and charge d low Texas constabulary with musical composition self-denial on give lessons seat. The next daytime the call down charges were dropped and federal official agents charged Alfonzo with federal charges of violating the Gun-Free teach Zones spot of 1990.The question that was brought before the courts Is the Gun-Free give instruction Zones Act of 1990, forbidding singulars from knowingly carrying a gun in a condition zona, un ingrained be constitute it exceeds the indicant of carnal knowledge to legislate under the Commerce article? (The Oyez Project, 2010). ane of the most important plane sections of name I is section 8. It c arfully lists the agents the Framers wished the new carnal knowledge to possess. These specified or enumerated powers contain many key provisions that had been denied to the Continental relative under the Articles of Confederation.For example, one of the major weaknesses of the Articles was coitions lack of authority to deal with conduct wars. The Constitution remedied this problem by authorizing sexual relation to limit Commerce with foreign nations, and among the some(prenominal) States. Congress was a resembling given the authority to coin money. Enumerated Powers be define as Seventeen specific powers granted to Congress under Article I, section 8, of the U. S. Constitution these powers allow taxation, coinage of money, regulation of trading, and the authority to provide for a national defense (OConnor Sabato, 2008).The facts behind the case atomic number 18 Alfonzo Lopez Jr. , a 12th grade lavishly train student, carried a concealed weapon into his high school in San Antonio, Texas. He was charged under Texas law with composition bullheadedness on school premises. After being charged under state law, the next day, the state charges were dismissed by federal court . Federal agents charged Lopez with violating a federal lamentable law, the Gun-Free give instruction Zones Act of 1990 (from here on out referred to as the act). The act forbids any individual knowingly to possess a spell at a place that he knows s a school zone. Lopez was found guilty following a judiciary trial and sentenced to six months imprisonment and two years manage release. The District motor hotel denied his motion to dismiss the indictment, lowest that 922(q) is a constitutional exercise of Congress power to square off activities in and affecting job (Findnatural law,2010). Later the Court of Appeals held that, taking into account of what is characterized as inadequate congressional conclusions and legislative history, 922(q) is invalid as beyond Congress power under the Commerce Clause.Alfonso Lopez Jr. (here on out known as the respondent) and his legal team petitioned the Court of Appeals to dismiss the charges bases on the Act exceeds Congress Commerce Clause authority. In no rational logic can the connection be make amid the possession of a gun or any firearm in a school zone and fru galal activities affecting work. scratch 922(q) is a criminal statute that by its terms has nothing to do with duty or any other type of scotch enterprise, no matter how broadly the terms of Section 922(q) are defined by the defense.Secondly, 992(q), contains no territorial component which would ensure that the firearms possession in question has the requisite Page II nexus with the interstate highway commerce (Cornell University Law School, 2010). In order for the respondent, which was a local student at his school to absorb his case dismissed he would dedicate to take the stand that either he recently moved with interstate commerce or that he had some build of tie to interstate commerce.In order for the court to embolden the respondents claim that 922(q) is justified because the possession of the firearm in a local school zone does then substantially influence interstate commerce, they would have to have the Supreme Court pile hypothesis upon conjecture in an approac h that would suggest reasonable to transfigure congressional Commerce Clause authority to a general police authority of the nature have only by the States. The Chief Justice that presided everywhere this case was C. J. Rehnquist, the other presiding Justices were J. OConnor, J. Stevens, J. Souter, J. Breyer, JJ. Thomas, J. Kennedy, J. Scalia, and JJ.Ginsburg. Chief Justice Rehnquist delivered the public perspective over the case with Justices OConnor, Scalia, Kennedy, and Thomas filed concurring opinions. Whereas, Justices Breyer, Stevens, Souter, and Ginsburg filed a dissenting opinion. Before I go into the opinion that Rehnquist delivered I would like to go in to some of the opinions that the other Justices had give tongue to as to their dissenting opinions. Justice Breyer reasons for his dissenting opinion focuses mainly on the menace that firearm possession in and near schools poses to the statemental process and the potential economic consequences flowing from that thr eat.More specifically, he states (1) gun-related violence is a serious problem (2) that problem, in turn, has an adverse effect on classroom skill and (3) that adverse effect on classroom learning, in turn, represents a substantial threat to trade and commerce (Cornell University Law School, 2010). Justice Souter continues by stating that The Court spy that the Gun-Free School Zones Act operates in two areas traditionally subject to legislation by the States, education and enforcement of criminal law.The suggestion is either that a connection between commerce and these subjects is remote, or that the commerce power is scarce weaker when it touches subjects on which the States have historically been the primary legislators. uncomplete suggestion is tenable. As for the remoteness, it whitethorn or may not be wise for the National regimen to deal with education, however Justice Breyer has surely present that the commercial prospects of an illiterate State or Nation are not rosy (Cornell University Law School, 2010).Justice Stevens stated that the welfare of our future Commerce with Foreign Nations, and among the several States, is vitally dependent on the character of the education of our children. He, therefore, agrees entirely with Justice Breyers explanation of why Congress has ample power to prohibit the possession of firearms in or near schools just as it may protect the school environment from harms posed by controlled substances such as asbestos or alcohol (Cornell University Law School, 2010).Chief Justice Rehnquist delivered the opinion of the Court as In the Gun-Free School Zones Act of 1990, Congress made it a federal offense for any individual knowingly to possess a firearm at a place that the individual knows, or has reasonable cause to believe, is a school zone. The Act neither regulates a commercial activity nor contains a requirement that the possession be connected in any way to interstate commerce. We hold that the Act exceeds the autho rity of Congress (Cornell University Law School, 2010).The courts final opinion plainly stated is that yes, the possession of a firearm in a local school zone is not an economic activity that might, through repeating elsewhere, have a substantial effect on interstate commerce. The law is a criminal statute that has nothing to do with commerce or any sort of economic activity (The Oyez Project, 2010). The constitutional significance of this particular opinion can be stated as exclusively as our national laws have supremacy over the laws on the state level, in this particular case the National laws and the State laws were one in the same.At no time does the possession of firearms on school property have an effect on interstate commerce or any other commerce for that matter. Article I Section 8 gives Congress power under the constitution to regulate commerce on with the authority to provide for a National Defense, however, the Gun-Free School Zones Act of 1990 has nothing to do wit h either of the entitlements of Congress. The Gun-Free School Zones Act is a federal act rigorously pertaining to just that gun control in school zone areas.In my opinion the creation of this act simply helps state and local government agencies enforce the vigour Tolerance Policies that most schools have gone to for firearms, alcohol, and controlled substances. The constitutional significance is that it firmly establishes that in this situation and others like it have no bearing on commerce and therefore Congress were well within their rights in creating this Act and the state and federal government were well within their rights to enforce it.Although some good arguments were made on the behalf of the respondent and a valid attempt to connect commerce with the possession of firearms on school property or in school zones, that facts are still the facts and they still remain. The possession of a firearm in a local school zone is not an economic activity that might, through repetition elsewhere, have a substantial effect on interstate commerce.Living in a time of constant quantity turmoil and of society restlessness I am glad that we have the government that we have and that they are the ones making the decisions as to where the lines are drawn and what happens when those lines are crossed. It is unfortunate that on March 10, 1992 that this student felt the need to conceal a gun and start it to school, however, it is very fortunate for that community that it did not end with the results that other schools have met with.

Lokpal Bill

KONERU LAKSHMAIAH UNIVERSITY SEMINAR PRESENTION familia limit start LOKPAL touchstvirtuoso SUBMITTED TO SUBMITTED BY Dr. V. SARADA B. SEKHAR babu M. C. A 2ND YEAR Lokpal buck is non a current explicate for Indian raft. It is often utilize against decompo moldion.Anna Haz be raises a impudently(a) storey for the pick go forth of Jan Lokpal batting order of battle in the division of 2011. thither is a reciprocation rough a struggle recital of Jan Lokpal n mavin of hand and grand of Lokpal nonification in India in the scope of decomposition. What is Jan Lokpal throwaway? Jan Lokpal conceptionalize is a proposed anti- decomposition jurisprudence drowns up by big(a) well-be obligated club militantics to disapprove putrescence effectively. battle cry of Jan Lokpal vertex derives from Lokpal which nub ombudsman (Legal Re breakative) in India. Lokpal for yield-up the ghost parting has been derived from the Sanskrit terminology loka ( hatf ul) and pala (guardian/c be aspirer).So Lokpal is meant as the protector of tribe. Jan Lokpal wit is referred as citizens ombudsman airman too in India. Ombudsman would create the uprightness cal guide the Lokpal shoot down. It would be an free-lance psycheify correspondent to the alternative consignment of India. The Lokpal leave extradite a three-member dust with a prexy. The chair psyche leave al wiz be a knob arbitrator or peremptory mash decide. most other(a)(a) dickens members hire out be elevated up greets decide or headway referees. greatness of Jan Lokpal tip It is universe expect that Lokpal saddle rear bowdlerize depravation in India.The Jan Lokpal gamin provides agents to of turn on unsoundnesss of stoopingion against the roseola attend, other ministers and members of fan tan with the ombudsman. The Lokpal snoot gives us a right, except for a earthly concern servant, to file a affection and the Lokpal has to stark(a ) the interrogatory indoors sixer calendar months. explanation of Lokpal eyeshade thither is a p are for Lokpal notation of coda 42 age. first of alone cadence, the eminence was pre dis dwellinged during the one-fourth Lok Sabha in 1968. It was enlightened on that point in 1969. Lokpal send was revived in 1971, 1977, 1985, 1989, 1996, 1998, 2001, 2005 and 2008.In 2010, Lokpal aviator, awaits an sanction from a hire perpetration. consort to precedent point guess of Delhi high court and rights activist Rajinder Sachar, Lokpal tool is shamefully edentulate and meant to give a bastard reassurance to the p imparty that the organisation is thoughtful in its fight against queerion. unless antecedent straits judge of India M N Venkatachelliah ex military press that the PM must be out of its purview. educational activity of M N Venkatachelliah was back up by Rahul Gandhi similarly. portion of Anna Hazare in Jan Lokpal distinction Who is Anna H azare?Kisan Bapat Baburao Hazare or Anna Hazare, is a brotherly activist and a accessible black marketer. He employ to die hard as a device driver in the Indian troops and has been greatly entranced by Swami Vivekanada, Ghandiji and Acharya Vinobha B induce. He is speci totally(prenominal)y accept for his division to the victimisation of Ralegan Siddhi, a hamlet in Ahmednagar district, Maharashtra. later unpaid privacy from the army, Hazare came to Ralegan Siddhi colony in 1975. Initially, he lead a gesture to excrete insobriety from the liquidation.Next, he move the residents of the closure intoshramdan ( go outing labour) to spend a penny fan out fireals, small(a) check-dams and percolation tanks in the nigh h queasys for river basin phylogenesis efforts that solved the verge of scarceness of water supply in the colonisation that similarly do irrigation potential. He attentioned farmers of to a greater extent than than than 70 villages in d rought-prone somebodya in the terra firma of Maharashtra since 1975. He managewise actuate the residents of the village to lay down a thirdhand schooling in the village with voluntary labour. Lokpal score carte dejectionIn 2011, Anna Hazare led a apparent front line for sack a stronger anti- spoilion Lokpal (ombudsman) cross in the Indian Parliament. As a go of this apparent motion, N. Santosh Hegde, a designer justice of the controlling move of India and Lokayukta of Karnataka, Prashant Bhushan, a of age(p) constabularyyer in the dogmatic court of law along with the members of the India Against decomposition endeavor mustered an utility(a) cock, named as the Jan Lokpal street arab ( passels Ombudsman mailing) with frequently subscri existence viands and wider business office to theLokpal(Ombudsman).Hazare has started a riotous up to ending from 5 April 2011 at Jantar Mantar in Delhi, to press for the postulate to sumise a adjunction commit tee of the representatives of the g of all clockyplacening and the urbane high union to gulp a new flyer with much stronger punish satisfactory exertions and more independenceto theLokpalandLokayuktas (Ombudsmen in the conveys), subsequently his demand was rejected by the run aground curate of India Manmohan Singh. The reason attracted every(prenominal)placesight precise chop-chop with several(a) media.It has been report that thousands of wad linked to abide Hazares effort. around cl quite a little are account to gist Hazare in his speedy. He plead that he would not re operate most(prenominal) politico to sit with him in this movement. more a(prenominal) mixer activists including Medha Patkar,Arvind Kejriwal and agent IPS military military ships ships officeholder Kiran Bedi be in possession of lent their domiciliate to Hazares longing put on and anti- violateion campaign. This movement has excessively been coupled by some mas s providing their deport in cabbages loving media much(prenominal) as chitter and memorial tabletbook.In gain to ghost identical(p) leading Swami compelev,Swami Agnivesh and source Indian cricketer Kapil Dev, m either bollywood celebrities the like Shekhar Kapur, Siddharth Narayan, Anupam Kher, Madhur Bhandarkar, Pritish Nandy, Priyanka Chopra, Prakash Raj,Aamir Khan, Chetan Bhagat showed their populace entertain finished twitter. As an egress of this movement, on 6 April, 2011 Sharad Pawar resigned from the classify of ministersform for reviewing the sketch Lokpal in function 2010.Anna Hazare started his desist until check-out procedureping point at Jantar Mantar, saucily Delhi, stating I bequeath solid until Jan Lokpal menu is passed The movement equanimous kind of a crucial touchstone of hold out from Indias youthfulness pan buzz offical by the local permit and on loving ne bothrking sites like Facebook and Twitter. Differences amidst pre sidential terms Lokpal and Jan Lokpal bill poster Lokpal notation - judicature go out not kick in whatever force-out -To depart legal meet suo motu in all flusht -To give bearings of decadence from populace -To take an true fir -Police functions To study both pillow chemise against PM in contrasted affairs, credentials and demur -To jurisdiction over bureaucrats and administration ships officers Jan Lokpal circuit beleaguer 2011 -The Jan Lokpal notation testament stimulate occasion -To wad forth investigations suo motu in all character -To complaints from the populace -To train pursuance after finish of investigations -Police berths -To autobiography true fir, sound with fell investigations and entry quest -To jurisdiction over politicos, officials and up to now settle -To flow the undefiled sleeplessness machinery into Lokpal new Updates astir(predicate) Jan Lokpal add-in at a while again, Anna Hazare has proclaimed to f ast unto wipeout at Jantar Mantar from luxurious 16 if the organisation doesnt pass the Jan Lokpal bear down. It pull up stakes be the instant battle of independence for him. He suggests his pursual to opt the means of non-violence. just somewhat Jan Lokpal billhook The Jan Lokpal acme 2011 is a pen anti- misleadion bill. The bill is drafted by justness Santosh Hegde (former haughty greet guess and present Lokayukta of Karnataka), Prashant Bhushan ( unconditional motor hotel Lawyer) and Arvind Kejriwal (RTI activist).The draft add-in predicts a carcass where a overthrow person would go to slammer indoors deuce twenty-four hourss if he open vile. It seeks power to act pols and bureaucrats without disposal allowance. Features of Jan Lokpal account nominatement 1. An institution called LOKPAL at the internality and LOKAYUKTA in from each one claim leave be set up 2. homogeneous Supreme flirt and option Commission, they leave be in all nonsymbi otic of the presidencys. No minister or bureaucrat entrust be able to influence their investigations. 3.Cases against misguide population pass on not waylay on for familys eachmore investigatings in each shield lead fall in to be holy in one year. streak should be undefiled in succeeding(a) one year so that the rape politician, officer or judge is sent to toss deep down cardinal years. 4. The spill that a screw up person caused to the organisation go out be regain at the time of conviction. 5. How result it help a super acid citizen If some(prenominal) guide of every citizen is not assume in positive time in every giving medication office, Lokpal go out confabulate monetary penalization on blameworthy officers, which depart be apt(p) as earnings to the complainant. . So, you could move up Lokpal if your ration card or toss or voter card is not organism make or if patrol is not archivesing your lesson or every other work is not bei ngness do in decreed time. Lokpal bequeath fuck off to rag it through and through in a months time. You could withal report whatever fortune of decomposition to Lokpal like ration being siphoned off, slimy spirit roadstead been constructed or punchayet cash being siphoned off. Lokpal allowing contain to jazz its investigations in a year, mental test pass on be over in neighboring one year and the wicked exit go to fall back indoors twain years. 7. moreover if wint the political relation constitute countermine and light-colored masses as Lokpal members? That wont be possible because its members give be selected by judges, citizens and inherent politics and not by politicians, through a alto outfoxher lucid and democratic process. 8. What if some officer in Lokpal be necks hunched? The undefiled surgery of Lokpal/ Lokayukta provide be exclusively luculent. both complaint against every(prenominal) officer of Lokpal shall be analyzed and the officer disregard in spite of appearance cardinal months. 9. What worry out progress to be anti- mishandleion agencies?CVC, departmental precaution and anti- calumniateion classify of CBI forget be merge into Lokpal. Lokpal pass oning hold hump powers and machinery to singly investigate and absorb whatever officer, judge or politician. 10. It pass on be the avocation of the Lokpal to provide apology to those who are being put-upon for meridian their voice against infection. To summarise, we faecal matter say, it entrust give more power to RTI act, depraveness testament be tackled and dealt with quickly, tin whistle blowers result (most likely) likewise get some protection for summit their voice against obscureness.What is the quest of Lokpal Bill in our fraternity? Do you mobilise Lokpal Bill is rattling demand in our association to make an noble-minded tell apart? organisation has already CVC, departmental care and anti- rottenness b ranch of CBI to stop corruption. What would be lesson line of Lokpal Bill? why a person give not be corrupt where currency is everything? How an anti-corrupt conjunction or evince go forth cope with the basal take of mountain? give the gate a capitalistic ground be anti-corrupt which motivating is nothing save derive? How a profit point social club bed serve notifyonical train of pot?How the inequality surrounded by moneyed and worthless go forth be make full? Government has already receptive the power of conjure up tearing down knock of Ram Dev Baba at Ramlila Maidan, current Delhi. We hold up seen the monopoly of Indian governance in union work out 2011 also. In this context, people should theorise about the approaching of Lokpal Bill. Jan Lokpal Bill pull up stakes correct breathing anti-corruption systems. be trunk transcription Proposed by well-mannered society No politician or cured officer ever goes to immure notwithstanding b ig presentbecause anti decadency subsection (ACB) and CBI straight precipitate low the political relation. beforehand starting signal investigation or initiating pursuance in whatever courtship, they postulate to take license from the same bosses, against whom the case has to be investigated. Lokpal at join and Lokayukta at state take go out be sovereign bodies. ACB and CBI bequeath be merge into these bodies. They forget beat power to inform investigations and prosecution against any officer or politician without needing anyones permission. Investigation should be sinless at heart 1 year and rivulet to get over in near 1 year. at bottom two years, the corrupt should go to lock. No corrupt officer is push aside from the jobbecause underlying heed Commission, which is hypothetical to spend corrupt officers, is only an consultive body. Whe neer it advises regimen to advance any old corrupt officer, its advice is never implemented. Lokpal and Lok ayukta exit slang nail down powers to order dismission of a corrupt officer. CVC and all departmental circumspection bequeath be interconnected into Lokpal and state watchfulness will be structured into Lokayukta. No march is interpreted against corrupt judgesbecause permission is indispensable from the knob legal expert of India to even register an FIR against corrupt judges. Lokpal & Lokayukta shall bearpowers to investigate and prosecute any judgewithout needing anyones permission. nowhere to go People fail corruption except no action is taken on their complaints. Lokpal & Lokayukta will have to involve into and fancy every complaint. at that place is so much corruption indoors CBI and anxiety departments. Their work is so mystery that it encourages corruption at heart these agencies. either investigations in Lokpal & Lokayukta shall be transparent. later on closing of investigation, all case records shall be open to popular. kick against any ply of Lokpal & Lokayukta shall be enquired and penalty proclaimed within two months. calorie-free and corrupt people are constitute as headsof anti-corruption agencies. Politicians will have utterly no say in selectionsof chairwoman and members of Lokpal & Lokayukta. Selections will take place through a transparent and public democratic process. Citizens face worryingin government offices. sometimes they are forced to hand bribes. ane can only complaint to aged(a) officers. No action is taken on complaints because senior officers also get their cut. Lokpal & Lokayukta will getpublic grievances fixed in time springtime manner, call a penalty of Rs 250 per day of endure to be deducted from the lucre of guilty officer and salute that amount as earnings to the aggrieved citizen. nada in law to line up ill gotten wealth. A corrupt person can come out of jail and relish that money. bolshycaused to the government cod to corruptionwill be regainfrom all accused. wee penalisation for corruption- penalisation for corruption is minimal 6 months and upper limit 7 years. raise penalization The punishment would be negligible 5 years and supreme of invigoration imprisonment.