Advertising Is Harmful Essay

Today I went to the bathroom in Tyson’s mall, and I saw a Lenovo camera advertisement stuck in front of the stool. It made me feels like a camera recorded everything in the bathroom. No matter where you go, walking on the street, taking the bus or subway, looking for websites or watching TV shows you always see advertisements. So I believe advertisements are harmful. Some people say that advertisements won’t brainwash them, because they know what they really want. I don’t agree with this, because advertisements affect our subconscious mind. For instance, I have read a newspaper article about a mother who came home and asked her child what he wanted to eat and her child said McDonalds. The mother asked him why McDonalds and the kid said because he always saw it on the TV so he wants to try it. Although a child didn’t really know how McDonald food tastes, McDonalds had been advertised so many times on the TV that the children make the decision to have it for dinner. Not only are kids influenced by advertisements, but adults also are. For example, I bought a Dell laptop last year, but returned it a week later. See more: Homeless satire essay I saw the Dell advertisements everywhere, at the college, the website, and even walking on the street, so when I wanted to buy a laptop, Dell became my first choice. I returned it a week later, because my friend told me Lenovo laptop has the same configuration as the Dell laptop but the price was much cheaper. This example demonstrates how the advertisement induces people to buy products. When people have seen advertisements many times, they have good impressions of the product in their minds. So not was only I had been influenced by advertisements, but most people are also. For example, most people bought IPhones rather than other phones because IPhones advertisements around everywhere. Often an advertisement not only disturbs our daily lives, but also provides untrue information. Companies always show perfect products in their advertisements, but the real products are much worse. For example, last month I went to Burger King, and I saw a big poster outside the store that showed a man held a hamburger with two hands and open his mouth as big as he can to eat a hamburger. However, he only bites little of the hamburger, because it was too big. And it only cost 99 cents! When I bought it, I felt I had been cheated. It was delicious, but it was smaller than my hand and can be finish within a bite. Also most of the reducing weight advertisements are untrue too. Some companies exaggerated their products in the advertisement to misleading people to buy the products. Some of the advertisements said the medicines could help people reduce around 5 to 20 pounds per month. As we all know, obesity is one of the most serious problems in America, so many people tried to reduce their weight in many ways. However, the result is not as the advertisements showed. Those drugs helped people reduce the weight but also had side effects. For instance, drugs harm people’ health by increasing the risk of diseases, and people would also rebound a weight heavily after they stopped the drug. While not all advertisements are untrue, some advertisements provide exaggerated information that let us waste money and also harm our health. We waste our money to buy advertised products we don’t need. An advertisement may make us feel lower class than other because not having the newest product. For example, The Apple Company has most successful advertisement campaign, because most of people would like to buy their new products. For example, the IPhone5 commercial shows IPhone5 is tallest, thinnest and lightest iPhone. Many people changed Iphone4S to the IPhone5 because the commercial shows IPhone5 is better. However, it has similar systems and the same function as Iphone4S. Another reason people buy the IPhone5 is they had low self- esteem. Like my friend who bought IPhone4S last winter and bought IPhone5 now. And he told me, when there has a better product then he wouldn’t use worse one, because that makes him feel he was lower class than others. In this case, people wasted money to buy the newest advertised products to satisfy their vanity. There are too many advertisements in our world now, because companies try to increasing the sales. However advertisements always mislead people to waste money. Government must provide a law to stop untrue and exaggerated advertisements. And parents also need to take time to explain to their child that some products they saw in commercial are harmful. For example, when child asked to buy a quick food or candies, parents must explain to them those foods are unhealthy. Advertising Is Harmful Essay Today I went to the bathroom in Tyson’s mall, and I saw a Lenovo camera advertisement stuck in front of the stool. It made me feels like a camera recorded everything in the bathroom. No matter where you go, walking on the street, taking the bus or subway, looking for websites or watching TV shows you always see advertisements. So I believe advertisements are harmful. Some people say that advertisements won’t brainwash them, because they know what they really want. I don’t agree with this, because advertisements affect our subconscious mind. For instance, I have read a newspaper article about a mother who came home and asked her child what he wanted to eat and her child said McDonalds. The mother asked him why McDonalds and the kid said because he always saw it on the TV so he wants to try it. See more:Â  Social Satire in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essay Although a child didn’t really know how McDonald food tastes, McDonalds had been advertised so many times on the TV that the children make the decision to have it for dinner. Not only are kids influenced by advertisements, but adults also are. For example, I bought a Dell laptop last year, but returned it a week later. I saw the Dell advertisements everywhere, at the college, the website, and even walking on the street, so when I wanted to buy a laptop, Dell became my first choice. I returned it a week later, because my friend told me Lenovo laptop has the same configuration as the Dell laptop but the price was much cheaper. This example demonstrates how the advertisement induces people to buy products. When people have seen advertisements many times, they have good impressions of the product in their minds. So not was only I had been influenced by advertisements, but most people are also. For example, most people bought IPhones rather than other phones because IPhones adverti sements around everywhere. Often an advertisement not only disturbs our daily lives, but also provides untrue information. Companies always show perfect products in their advertisements, but the real products are much worse. For example, last month I went to Burger King, and I saw a big poster outside the store that showed a man held a hamburger with two hands and open his mouth as big as he can to eat a hamburger. However, he only bites little of the hamburger, because it was too big. And it only cost 99 cents! When I bought it, I felt I had been cheated. It was delicious, but it was smaller than my hand and can be finish within a bite. Also most of the reducing weight advertisements are untrue too. Some companies exaggerated their products in the advertisement to misleading people to buy the products. Some of the advertisements said the medicines could help people reduce around 5 to 20 pounds per month. As we all know, obesity is one of the most serious problems in America, so many people tried to reduce their weight in many ways. However, the result is not as the advertisements showed. Those drugs helped people reduce the weight but also had side effects. For instance, drugs harm people’ health by increasing the risk of diseases, and people would also rebound a weight heavily after they stopped the drug. While not all advertisements are untrue, some advertisements provide exaggerated information that let us waste money and also harm our health. We waste our money to buy advertised products we don’t need. An advertisement may make us feel lower class than other because not having the newest product. For example, The Apple Company has most successful advertisement campaign, because most of people would like to buy their new products. For example, the IPhone5 commercial shows IPhone5 is tallest, thinnest and lightest iPhone. Many people changed Iphone4S to the IPhone5 because the commercial shows IPhone5 is better. However, it has similar systems and the same function as Iphone4S. Another reason people buy the IPhone5 is they had low self- esteem. Like my friend who bought IPhone4S last winter and bought IPhone5 now. And he told me, when there has a better product then he wouldn’t use worse one, because that makes him feel he was lower class than others. In this case, people wasted money to buy the newest advertised products to satisfy their vanity. There are too many advertisements in our world now, because companies try to increasing the sales. However advertisements always mislead people to waste money. Government must provide a law to stop untrue and exaggerated advertisements. And parents also need to take time to explain to their child that some products they saw in commercial are harmful. For example, when child asked to buy a quick food or candies, parents must explain to them those foods are unhealthy.

BCR Importance of nitrogen Essay

1. Probably they include negatives and, if possible, positive controls. Is your negative control a test plant that is planted in a pot with no legume planted in the pot? Do you have any other negative controls? How about positive controls? Are there some plants which you know will grow well under the conditions that you are specifying? Are you using these as positive controls, while your test plants will be a different type of plant? 2. I suspect they also include a method of checking, periodically, for results â€Å"over time,† meaning either daily, weekly, monthly †¦. 3. Wouldn’t you want all of your test â€Å"subjects† exposed to the same environmental conditions, with the exception of the one element for which you are testing. That means that all get the same amount of light, water and soil and that the light, water and soil are from the same source. So, you will need a way of measuring the amount of light, water and soil. If you are planting in containers, wouldn’t you want all of the containers made of the same substance, instead of having some be of plastic and some of wood? Wouldn’t you want them to all be the same height, width and depth? Wouldn’t you want them all oriented with respect to the sun such that none blocked sunlight from the others? Wouldn’t you want to weed them all frequently and regularly to insure that the presence of weeds did not adversely effect one or the other of your test subjects? I suspect that your instructor wants you to say in your experimental proposal write up how you will orient the containers and what they will be made of and what are their dimensions and how often you will check for weeds and measure light water and soil†¦ 4. Won’t you need to decide what constitutes a positive result and what constitutes a negative result. 5. Probably your instructor wants you to choose an objective measure for your results and state what that will be. For example: If you are growing other plants along with the legumes, will you measure the growth of their stems with a ruler? If they are branched, will you only measure the total height, or will you measure all of the branches separately? If they have fruit, will you weight the fruit? If you weigh it, how will you decide that it is time to pick and weigh it? At the end of the experiment, will you remove the whole plant, roots and all and weigh it? 6. Will you plant the legumes at the same time that you plant the test plant? or will you plant the test plant on day 5, 6, 10†¦ after the legumes have been planted? Will you plant only one legume to each box? If you have them growing at the same time, how will you orient your plants so that neither the legume nor the test plant will overshadow the other but that the roots of the legume are close enough to effect the soil for the test plant? Or, if you don’t think that will work, will you plant the legumes and let them grow and die before you plant your test plant? 7. How will you record what you have done? Will you make a spreadsheet and record that, for example, you have gave all the plants a cup of water per day or a quart of water twice a week? Where will you note the growth of the plant? how many weeds you pulled? Will you note the conditions of the leaves of your test plant or the conditions of the legume plants? Where will you note any unforeseen changes? 8. How will you write up your results? Most scientific papers have 5 sections. Does your instructor wish for you to include this in your proposal? 1) Introduction, 2) Materials and Methods 3) Results, 4) Conclusions and Discussion, 5) References

My favorite things Essay

It is often said that the best things in life are free, I, for one, fully agree with the statement. To me, “best” does not imply the most beautiful or glamorous, or the most indulgent or heavenly, but it is those things which I held to be the most valuable and precious in my life. Most people would choose to write about their role model (usually their mother), or the sunset, or even the rain. Some would write about food, others about clothes. I, on the other hand, have “favourite” things of a very different kind. It might sound strange, but my favourite things are: my eyes, my nose, my mouth, my ears, and my hands. Although they are nothing out of the ordinary (no unfortunately I havenÂ’t been blessed with aquamarine eyes, or perfectly pouting lips), these features are my favourite things because of their ability to evoke in me experience of pure, unadulterated bliss. Take my eyes, for instance. People say that oneÂ’s eyes are the window to oneÂ’s soul. Then I must have a fairly bleak, run-of-the mill type of soul, for what you will see when you look at my eyes are two dark-brown, round buttons. They do not exude any magnetism; neither do they give off an aura of mystery and melodrama. But, they have been the rolls with which I have been able to witness many a beautiful sunset. The sun spreads its mosaic of colour on the horizon, amidst wisps of drifting clouds, as hues of russet pink and violet glisten across the sapphire sky. Then, darkness tears the sky asunder, as day slips into night, providing a canvas for the vast constellation of stars that sparkle majestically, illuminated by the glow of the moon. Serenity fills my souls and soothes my mind as the magnificence and splendour of the sunset captives me. My next favourite thing is my nose, a feature that quite dominant on my visage, conspiracy exhibiting its own sense of prominence. I assume that it could serve as a rather good model to demonstrate inclined planes in a Physics practical or even gradient in Analytical Geometry. However, I hold my nose in high esteem for the many delectable scents that it allows me to smell: the subtle scent of a delicate flower that tickles the nostrils like a gentle breeze; a calming perfume that comforts my heart; a beautiful fragrance that is soft yet intense; subtle powerful, aromatic blends that  engulf the nostrils with sweet smell. Not much can be said about my mouth. Although my upper lip is a perfectly shaped CupidÂ’s bow, my lower lip seems to have natural Botox. I would also have preferred my lips to be more of a rosy-plink colour, rather than the dull mauve that they are. However, all disappointments disappear when I consider the heavenly taste of chocolate mousse that has passed through these same lips- the feeling of pleasure and contentment that engulfs my entire being as the rich taste intoxicates my sense, is unmatchable. The sensation of sweetness soaks into my taste buds, as it slowly oozes down my throat and into my oesophagus. The last of my favourite things are my hands, which are preceded by skinny elongated arms, both of which could be used rather effectively in a Geography lesson to teach the concept of a river and its many tributaries, due to the map of the deep-blue veins that run their course along the inside of my arms. Yet, this ghostly sight is forgotten when I remember the soothing feeling of a long, hot bath and the silky sensation of warm soap bubbles against my skin. All stress and tension drains away into the soapy water and my body feels rejuvenated and invigorated, the mind floating upwards like a soap bubble, into another realm. So these are my favourite “things”. Of course, they come with their own imperfection but I am nevertheless extremely grateful for hem. My favourite things bring me feelings of joy, love, and achievements, success, giving, and caring, all of which cannot be seen or even touched. They can only be felt with the heart.

Business Financing and the Capital Structure Essay - 1

Business Financing and the Capital Structure - Essay Example Working capital is expressed as the difference between the short term assets and the short term liabilities. Inventory turnover, accounts payable, accounts receivables are considered for working capital management by companies. Financial instruments used as marketable securities to park excess cash The financial instruments used to park excess cash by corporations are bonds and debentures. These are marketable securities as it is possible to convert these securities into cash at any point of time due to large number of buyers available in the market. Raising business capital using both debt and equity options in today’s economy Raising business capital is a crucial aspect of decision making by the companies in today’s economy in the context of global economic slowdown. The options for raising business funds are debt financing and equity financing. A corporation may choose to adopt debt financing by acquiring loans from the market. In debt financing, the corporation woul d need to pay regular interests till repayment. However, the corporation has the opportunity to reduce interest payment by available tax shields. Debt financing may be adopted as it does not dilute the ownership structure and decision making of companies. Another option of equity financing by corporations may be used to raise capital by share issues. The cost of equity financing is the payment of dividends to the shareholders (Glen and  Pinto, 1994, p.28). Although the ownership structure is diluted, the corporation also has the opportunity to the share the risk of investments. The profits earned from the investments are also shared among the shareholders of the corporation. Seeking capital from a foreign investor: risk and rewards Business may seek to raise capital from a foreign investor by entering into strategic alliance and joint venture with the foreign investor. In order to gain competitive advantage in the market that would not have been possible through the use of individ ual resources and capabilities, corporations decide to share the technologies and expertise of the foreign investor through strategic alliance. The risk of the business is also shared apart from the rewards and profits of the joint business. The risk attached to the raising of capital from foreign investors includes losses due to mismatch of mutual interests in long term prospects. Due to unexpected changes in the international economy, foreign investors may realize losses and loose interest in the local markets. An example of changes in world markets may be due to fluctuation of the currency conversion rates. This would lead to liquidity crunch for which the consumption level in the economy would fall. Due to this risk factor, the productivity of the corporations would fall leading to fall in profitability of the corporations. Common stocks versus bonds: Historical relationship between risk and return, diversification through portfolio formation The historical relationship between risk and return of an investment could be explained by the theory of risk-return trade off. Higher the amount of risk incurred in an investment, higher would be the expected return. On the other hand, a risk-averse investor would like to incur low risk for which the return would also be moderate.

World War II Through the 1970s Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

World War II Through the 1970s - Essay Example This paper explores significant turning points in American history at the said time. In addition, the paper explores the impact that the developments had on America’s society, economy, politics, and culture. Moreover, the paper explores why Americans in the late 1930s did not wish to be engaged in the World War II. The paper also explores significant contributions made by women during World War II as well civil rights breakthroughs after World War II. Lastly, the paper explores the impact of Vietnam War on the new generation of young Americans as well as President Johnson’s â€Å"Great Society.† #1 Some of the two turning points in American history post World War II through to 1970s include the cold war era and Civil Rights Movements. The Cold War intensified moments after the end of the Second World War. When the war ended marked by an allied victory, material differences surfaced between America and the Soviets. Cold War was a period of tension, suspicions, and hostility between U.S. and Soviet Union spanning from mid-40s to the late 80s. During the period, there were indirect conflicts such as Vietnam War, Cuban missile crisis, and Korea wars (Armstrong, 1998). American civil rights movement had its roots in the century-long efforts of African slaves, as well as their descendants in efforts to get rid of institution of slavery and racial oppression. The U.S. Constitution amendments did not entirely emancipate the slaves as it did not secure federal protection of the civil rights. Significant happenings during the Civil Rights Movement include desegregating Little Rock (1957), sit-ins (1960), Freedom rides (1961), voter registrations, Albany Movement (1961-1962), Birmingham Campaign (1963-1964), March on Washington (1963), and Civil Rights Act of 1964. #2 The cold war shaped American foreign policy as well as political ideology. Cold War also had a substantial bearing on the American presidency. Similarly, Cold War has led to some politic ians using anti-communist hysteria to advance their rightist agenda. The Cold War also influenced domestic policy both socially and economically. The social impact includes regression of social reforms; the economic impact dwells on enormous industrial growth aided by heavy government expansion. Traces of hostility between the U.S. and Soviet Union, now Russia, are still evident in platforms such as UN Security Council where each party vetoes the other in defense of each party’s interests (Armstrong, 1998). The Civil Rights Movement in 1960s has had a remarkable influence on American society far beyond the struggle for racial justice and equality. Many of the principles, strategies and tactics employed by the civil rights organization such as peaceful protests and acts of civil disobedience such as sit-ins have informed and inspired the social movements of today. Civil Rights Movement has impacted on education and politics in terms of desegregation and other aspects centered on affirmative action. Civil Rights Movements have led to de-institutionalization of discrimination, which has changed America culturally. #3 From 1920s to the 1930s America’s foreign policy leaned towards isolationist. During the Great depression, the focus was on economic growth and the principal determination was to stay out of any conflict as espoused by its isolationist, non-interventionism, and neutrality policy. The isolationist sentiment was inspired partly by the depression. The U.S. thought that they could only fix the depression domestically, and involvement in conflicts was more of a sideshow. Isolationists wanted to stay out of war at any cost as the depression threatened to

Market Research Methodology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Market Research Methodology - Essay Example 'Typically focus groups are used as a means of testing concepts new products and messages. A focus group is qualitative research which means that you do not obtain results with percentages, statistical testing or tables .instead this methodology is less structured than surveys or other quantitative research and tends to be more exploratory as well. Rather than providing quantifiable responses to a specific question obtained from a large sampling of the population, focus group participants provide a flow of input and interaction related to the topic or group of topics that the group is centered around. While they appear to be less formal than a survey, focus groups do provide an important source of information for making business decisions. It is important how ever to ensure that persons using the results of such a qualitative study understand how to correctly interpret the resulting information'. 1 The composition of a focus group is usually based on the homogeneity or similarity of the group members. Bringing people with common interests or experiences together makes it easier for them to carry on a productive discussion. Often a research project will use different groups to get differing views. For example, an organization is planning a major restructuring. It would be desirable to have three separate focus groups - union members, nonunion employees, and managers. Each of these groups would represent a potentially different perspective on the changes facing the organization. Imagine the potential problems in bringing together union members and management. Neither would feel free to speak spontaneously and, depending on the anxiety level, the discussion might possibly spiral out of control. Demographic characteristics are another way to determine focus group composition: A political candidate might consider holding separate focus groups with both men and women or younger and older voters. A company testing a new product might conduct focus groups in different geographical regions. Organizational decision makers might find it useful to have separate focus groups for those who favor and those who oppose a particular issue. One caution-remember that with a focus group, it is not possible to compare the results from different groups in a strict quantitative sense, because they lack representative ness. Each group may be characterized as augmenting the information of the others - in an effort to look for as many different explanations or interpretations as

Knowledge, Innovation and New product Development Essay

Knowledge, Innovation and New product Development - Essay Example rowth rate as compared to the already developed markets; and the economically developed countries like US and Germany are facing greater heat of recession with surging economic crises. Therefore one can think of investment in either India or China. I took India as the country to develop new product because cosmetic, especially 100% herbal and vegetarian Lipstick with variety of shades can be a new product that can be developed in an Indian Market. The increasing urbanization and a growth in the number of office workers have resulted in a strong focus on grooming in that country. 65% of the total population of India is below 35 years of age but only around 30% of the women use lipsticks in India, so there is a wide scope to flourish in India. The USP (unique selling proposition) of this product is its attribute of being 100% Herbal and Vegetarian as almost 40% of the total population in India is vegetarian and till now no other company has launched this type of product in the Indian M arket. Cosmetics and toiletries have seen tremendous growth in 2007. Growth was partly due to high levels of inflation but volume sales also saw dynamic growth. Rising income levels resulted in lower-income groups being able to afford more cosmetics and toiletries and also saw many trading up from unpackaged to packaged products. Meanwhile, mid- and high-income consumers in urban areas began to seek out value-added mass brands and premium products. India can be taken as the country to sell the product as Indian females are considered an epitome of beauty and they are more and more becoming beauty and fashion conscious. The product that can be marketed is a wide range of cosmetics (100%Vegetarian) especially lipsticks and it can be launched in the Indian market by the name: This indeed is true because people will not normally forget the hospitability offered at the service based organization like restaurant, beauty parlor, consultancy firm etc and especially the cosmetic

Spirituality 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Spirituality 3 - Essay Example The following is a brief summary of the assessment. It was noted that the patient admitted to being affected by her relationship with God due to her illness. She has not been able to do things related to spirituality effectively as a result of her illness. She relates her devastation in her relationship with her family and friends as they consider her an outcast in the community. From the assessment it was observed that the kind of ailment she was suffering was considered to infect someone who went against the culture of the community. The patient had a desire to make up with children who have since been separated from her for three months of her ordeal. She reiterated that she wish to profess her love for her children. It is apparent that the conflicts are likely to affect the medical situation where the patient is likely to die faster than anticipated. Besides, she preferred to speak to her chaplain before she passed on, which is a request she made to the nurses to help her soul rest in peace. The major challenge in conducting the assessment was behind the fact that the patient was emotional at some point. She blamed everyone in the society for her current situation, her family members for abandoning her and God for letting things happen the way they are. It was not easy to complete the entire assessment. In future, I intend to change the line and formatting of the questions in away to avoid build up of emotions among the patients (Clark, Drain & Malone, 2003). Besides, I failed to take into considerations that this patient had reached a point of believing that God is not in control and hence He is a mean super being who lets His people suffer. Through the assessment I learnt some few vital lessons. One of the significant things I learnt was spirituality is essential to some patients while other patients who tend to be pagans in nature it might not help a lot. Moreover, it is one of

Management info Systems class discussion wk9 Essay

Management info Systems class discussion wk9 - Essay Example Various organizations consider several factors before selecting the type of organization structure. Among the factors considered are; cost of using each, customer base, targeted group, the language used, technology supported among others. Companies that adopt the global organization structures are mainly financially way from the other companies. I find the global structure as it reaches a greater radius; this opens new and greater opportunities for enlarging these companies compared to the other structures. The global organization structure also presents significant obstacles among all the other GIS organizational structures as it requires; greater finances, network barriers due to technological backwardness, more significant consultations needed and language barriers, and problems of management that come up due to operating in large scale among other major challenges. The problem of a language barrier can be done by including language options in their GIS. More experienced and knowledgeable GIS experts can be employed to ensure the problem of management due to operating in large scale  gets  solved while the problem of network can be solved by using more sophisticated and advanced servers. In a nutshell, organization structures vary mainly in the coverage and the systems adopted in such organization when using the Global Information

Globalization_Integrative_essay Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Globalization_Integrative_essay - Essay Example Robinson and Amartya Sen respectively. William Robinson argues, â€Å"Scholars and activists have tended to underrate the  universal nature of the dynamics involved in globalization that is redefining all the basic reference points of human community and social evaluation, and needs a modification of all existing patterns.   In the systemic dynamics which are driven by and that drives globalization, we are gradually witnessing an international conflict between capital and poor labor force in the South,  and  a labor force that is being proletarianised in the North. Robinson argues that this divergence is incubated via and worsened by technologically mediated novelties in capitalist production procedures that gradually discipline labor.  Disciplinary activities   comprise: threats of outsourcing; enforcing dynamics to terms of employment; employing technology and competence in production to drive down wages; privatization or attrition of social welfare; the employ of technology to supervise the work; and grad ually deflationary economic laws that attack standards of living for all-bar social elites. For Robinson, the means through which international capital is hatched out of state capitals in the global North is the main theme of globalization. He sees an effect in the capture by international elites of the state equipment for control in the global North and the effort to do so in the global South. He continues arguing in a  discussion paper  that in realizing the procedure of capitalism in its neoliberal phase, and in shaping reactions to it, it is critical to evaluate how  globalization is â€Å"a qualitatively new international stage in the on-going development of world capitalism†. This backs  Ellen Meiksins Wood’s view that we are living at a time when capitalism for ones has become a real universal system. Capitalism is worldwide also in the feeling that its logic – the logic of accumulation, profit-maximization, commodification, competition – has

Explain the process by which democracy was accepted as a valid form of government Essay Example for Free

Explain the process by which democracy was accepted as a valid form of government Essay Democracy denotes to a government by the people. The name comes from the Greek and means â€Å"rule by the people. † Democracy is government by the majority of the people, or majority rule. It differs from monarchy (â€Å"rule by one†), aristocracy (â€Å"rule by the best, or nobles†), and oligarchy (â€Å"rule by a few†). Democracy has three different related meanings: (1) a form of government in which those who control the government are elected by the people and are responsible, or answerable, for their actions to the people; (2) a form of society in which there is no privileged class and in which individuals may rise by ability to positions of power and influence; and (3) an ideal or way of life that stresses equality, liberty, individual rights, tolerance, freedom of discussion, and compromise. Most democracies are republics, in which the people elect the head of the state. A monarchy with a hereditary king or queen may also be democratic. In Great Britain, for example, is a democracy in the form of a limited monarchy. Some countries that call themselves republics are not democracies. A country with a republican constitution may be a dictatorship in which government is under the complete control of one person. On the other hand, republic is a country in which both the head of the state and the members of the legislature are elected directly or indirectly by the people. Most of the nations of the world today, including the United States and the Soviet Union, are republics. The rest, in most instances, are monarchies, in which the head of the state (a king, queen, or prince) comes into office through inheritance. The term republic and government are sometimes confused. Republic means a constitutional form of government under which the head of the state is elected, either by direct popular vote or indirectly through elected representatives. In addition, social contract denotes to human race originally lived in a â€Å"state of nature,† in which people enjoyed complete freedom, with no laws and no government. Without constraints on their activities, however, people were constantly fighting among themselves, and the safety of each individual was endangered. To ensure their survival, people eventually made an agreement called a social contract, to establish a system a law and order. On the other hand, balance of power is relatively equal distribution of economic and military strength among rival countries or groups countries. For 400 years, the countries of Europe devoted much of their diplomatic and military effort to creating or maintaining such a balance. Their object was to prevent any single nation or group of nations from becoming powerful enough to dominate the continent. The idea of maintaining power equilibrium became an important influence in European politics in the 16th century. An outstanding example of balance-of-power politics occurred in the Thirty Years’ War (1618-48). Furthermore, Republican Party is one of the two major political parties in the United States. Since the time of the Taft administration (1909-13) it has generally been regarded as more conservative than the other major party, the Democratic. However, this difference between the two parties has not always been sharp, as the Republican Party initiated or supported progressive legislation. Also, the Republican Party, like the Democratic, has both liberal and conservative factions. Nonetheless, the Republican Party is generally associated with the interests of business, the wealthy and propertied, and those opposed to the ideas of the welfare state and a â€Å"big government. †

The positive aspects of media Essay Example for Free

The positive aspects of media Essay Media is part of our everyday life. We take the knowledge we get through newspapers, television, the Internet and radio for granted and often we tend to focus on the negative influence it has on the society. In this essay I am going to discuss aspects of media which can also have a negative impact but which usually benefit the world we live in. The media is easily accessible one can buy a newspaper in any city of the world or find a television or radio signal. People know a lot more than they did a century ago. For example, media plays an important role in educating people about health and diet. There are articles in newspapers which give general tips about how to be more healthy but also stories which tell people to do regular check-ups for cancer. The fact that media is accessible and educates people might be part of the reason why modern people live longer. The fact that media is widespread contributes to the fact that it cannot be controlled by a single authority. The media brings many different views to the public and anyone who has access to the Internet can write his own opinion about the matter at hand. A few years ago in Estonia there was a conflict between two different nationalities the Estonians and the Russians. The conflict was about different historical opinions and since practice showed that the two parties cannot come to an agreement by talking things through, the Internet was a good place to find different arguments on both sides and calmly come to an agreement. Media acted as a bridge or mediator between the two sides of conflict. We can rely on the knowledge we get through the media when we have seen or heard the person who has immediate contact with the matter at hand. Our knowledge has to be reliable because otherwise we would be unable to have a justified opinion about different issues. Millions of people watched the elections of Americas president. The television helped them to develop an opinion about the worlds most powerful man and rely on the fact that he is not made up or and everything they know about him is cohering with what they have read from the newspapers. Besides the negative aspects of the media it also has a lot of positive factors. For example it is easily accessible, it mirrors many different viewpoints of different matters and it also brings us the immediate experience of the events instead of hearing about them from another source. The media has many aspects which deserve praise and which make our society to be more democratic and educated.

Difference Between Entrepreneur and Small Business Owner

Difference Between Entrepreneur and Small Business Owner Entrepreneurship is one of the most popular words in the English language today. People are buzzing about entrepreneurs and entrepreneurial companies. In addition, todays media information makes us believe that anyone qualifies as an entrepreneur in some fashion way- from lawyers and doctors to artists and teachers. However, the term is so often used that many people are not quite sure what it stands for? Furthermore, despite intensive analysis, we still know relatively little about the entrepreneur (Begley and Boyd 1987a; Cunningham 1991), particularly how an entrepreneur differs from a small business owner (Gartner 1985). Research has indicated that small business owners and entrepreneurs have different goals (Litzinger 1965) and decision-making styles (Busenitz 1992). An entrepreneur has a kind of behaviour intent on opportunities rather than on capital and the small business owner can be a vehicle mutually for Schumpeterian (1934) kind of initiating new products and processes that modify the industry and the owner run the business for a living. Thus, the report will address how the small business owners and entrepreneurs differ and will also include a critical review of the academic theory concerning motivation, aspiration, business management practices and styles. Definition of Entrepreneurs According to Birley (1996), an entrepreneur is an individual who establishes and manages a business for the principal purpose of profit and growth. The entrepreneur is characterised principally by innovative and creative behaviour and will employ strategic management practices in the business. Thus, the modern thinkers emphasise that an entrepreneur is an individual who creates and recognise opportunities for something new, handles the uncertainty and risk of that new venture ( which is not restricted to stand alone business ventures), and has the managerial competence to gather required resources from the environment (like capital) without necessarily owning these resources, which includes an ability to plan, to lead a team and to network outside the venture (Timmons Spinelli, 2004). Definition of Small Business Owners A small business owner is an individual who establishes and manages a business for the principal purpose of furthering personal goals. The business must be the primary source of income and will consume the majority of the owners time and interest. The owner perceives the business as an extension of his or her personality, intricately bound with family needs and desires (Birley 1996). Entrepreneurs versus Small Business Owners Geber (1995) is very clear that there is a substantial difference between the entrepreneurs and small business owners, a view has been endorsed by many writers including Birley (1996) and Jenning and Breaver (1997). Entrepreneurs are motivated by their goals of profit and growth for their ventures and by their use of strategic planning, for example, Bill Gates, the best known entrepreneur in personal computer revolution. Alternatively, small business owners focus on providing family income and view the venture as an extension of their personalities, for example, the Chinese takeaways. Characteristics of Entrepreneurs: a Distinction from Small Business Owners Characteristics of entrepreneurs and small business owners are different for different ages, different industries and different stages of the business life cycle. Indeed, the personality characteristics are both born and made, for there is also a good deal of evidence that certain attitudes and behaviours can be acquired, developed, practiced and refined through a combination of experience and study. (Timmons and Spinelli 2004, p.249) In addition, different authors have mentioned different characteristics of entrepreneurs from their research. They distinguished the characteristics between normative and empirical (Kuhn, 1960). In a nutshell, according to Timmons and Spinelli (2004), there are five major attitudes and behaviours that characterise some entrepreneurs: Commitment and determination Need for achievement (McClelland, 1961), with its related attitudes towards risk Internal locus of control Opportunity orientation Creativity and innovation Besides, both small business owners and entrepreneurs are of critical importance to the economy. However, it is useful to draw a distinction between them since small businesses and entrepreneurial ventures serve different economic functions. Thus, it will also be more valuable to differentiate what they manage. Moreover, this will help us to have a better understanding of the management styles and business practices of the entrepreneurs and small business owners. The Distinction between Small Business Venture and Entrepreneurial Venture An entrepreneurial venture, according to Birley (1996) is one that engages in at least one of Schumpeters four categories of behaviour: that is, the principal goals of an entrepreneurial venture are profitability and growth and the business is characterised by innovative strategic practices. Alternatively, small business venture is any business that is independently owned and operated, not dominant in its field and does not engage in any new marketing or innovative practices Birley (1996). Wickham (2004) stated that there are three main characteristics which distinguish the entrepreneurial ventures from small businesses: Innovation and Creativity The successful entrepreneurial venture is usually based on a significant innovation and creativity. This might be technological, an innovation and creativity in offering a new service; or a new way something is marketed or distributed; or possibly an innovation or creativity in a way the organisation is structured or managed. An entrepreneur is recognised for their innovative and creative ability, for example, James Dyson, who came up with the creative idea of the ball-wheel- barrow business and continue his innovation by moving on to the cyclone vacuum cleaner business. On the other hand, the small business is usually involved in delivering an established product or service. So, while a small business may be new to a locality, it is not doing anything new in a global sense for example, cost-cutters shop, whereas an entrepreneurial venture is usually based on a significantly new way of doing something. Potential for Growth An entrepreneurial venture has more potential for growth than a small business does. This results from the fact that it is usually based on a significant creativity. The market potential for than innovation, will more than enough to support a small firm. It may even be more than enough to support a large firm and signal the start of an entire new industry. For example, Adam Osborne (1939 -2003) was the best known entrepreneur as creator of the first portable computer, but he was also an author who made a successful move into publishing computer books. On the other hand, the small businesses which operate within an established industry are unique only in terms of its locality. Therefore, it is limited in its growth potential by competitors in adjacent localities. A small business operates within a given market; the entrepreneurial venture is in a position to create its own market. Strategic Objectives Most businesses have at least some objectives. Even the smallest firm should have sales targets if not more detailed financial objectives. Objectives may be set for the benefits of external investors as well as for consumption by internal management. The entrepreneurial venture will usually go beyond the small business in the objectives it sets itself in, that it will have strategic objectives. Strategic objectives relate to such things as: Growth targets Market development Market share Market potential Growth Potential Strategic objectives However, not all entrepreneurial ventures will necessary show an obvious innovation, clear growth potential or formally articulated strategic objectives, and some small businesses may demonstrate one or two of these characteristics. Nevertheless, in combination they add up to distinguish the key character of an entrepreneurial venture, that is, a business that makes significant changes to the world. Therefore, entrepreneurs and small business owners pursue and create new opportunities differently; they fulfil the ambitions of their founders and managers in different ways. Supporting them presents different challenges to economic policy makers. For instance, the self-employed owner of a neighbourhood pub has very little in common with the founders of a Bennigans or T.G.I. Fridays. Furthermore, studies of the psychological characteristics of the small business owners and the entrepreneurs suggest differences that affect both the management styles and cultures of the firms. Sexton and Bowman- Upton (1991) found that the entrepreneur, the founder of Bennigans, has unique set of psychological traits which they collectively labelled as propensity towards growth. Factors in this propensity included a high energy level, a preference for high risk/high return activities, a desire for control, a separation of personal and professional activities and little need for support from others. On the other hand, the small business owner, the self-employed owner of the pub, were found to have priorities that tend to suggest that other factors (for example, family and social) are more important that the business. The Differences between the Entrepreneurs and Small Business Owners Small Business Owner Low propensity towards growth Preference for low-risk taking and low return activities Non business concerns more important Less control-driver Prefers repetition of tried and true ways Detail-oriented Sceptical of inspiration Works at steady pace Rarely makes errors of fact : Works problems all the way through Patient with routine delays People-oriented, Aware of peoples feeling Trustful of others Entrepreneur High propensity towards growth (looking for new opportunities) Preference for high-risk taking and high return on activities The business itself takes priority Strong need for control (an internal locus of control) Likes to experiment with novel approaches (innovation) Does not take time for precision Driven by aspiration (needs for achievement) Works with bursts of energy Often makes errors of fact; jump to conclusions Impatient with routine details Task-oriented, oblivious to peoples feeling Distrustful of others Source: M. Joseph Sirgy, A. Coskun Samli (1995) Carland (1990) indicated that entrepreneurs have a stronger preference for creativity than owners of small businesses. Entrepreneurs tended to spend more time finding new and different ways of doing things. For example, Richard Branson, who is a portfolio entrepreneur, has diversified his virgin group into different areas. While small business owners concentrated on making established procedures more efficient, for example, small local pub; or corner shops all selling the same types of products and service. Hellriegel, Slocum and Woodman (1983) have identified other differences, including a tendency for entrepreneurs to work with bursts of energy rather than steadily, to jump into conclusions, to be patient with complicated situations and impatient with routine delays and to follow their inspirations. For example, despite Oswald Boetang, the Ghanaian designer and tailor, endured two bankruptcies, divorce and the break-up of his business partner, he has that inspiration and determination to be successful (a need for achievement), that motivates him not to take time for precision; learn by his mistake and to continue innovating new fashionable ideas. However, Joseph Sirgy (1995), stating that entrepreneurs are task-oriented is quite misleading. Top entrepreneurs like Bill Gates; Warren Buffet and Richard Branson have proved in their ventures to be people-oriented, looking for the best interest in people. Furthermore, entrepreneurs have an internal locus of control. They actively look for opportunities to place themselves in situations where they do not have to rely on other people or luck- they think life is under control and they can affect what happens around them. For example, Duncan Bannatyne from the Dragons Den TV Show started his entrepreneurial life by trading in cars. Being brought up from a poor family background, Duncan did not believe in luck, on the contrary, he believed in his determination and commitment to be successful. He had a control over his life and he also take up risks. Motivation and Aspirations: Distinction between Small business owners and Entrepreneurs Motivation, the condition that makes individuals undertake, or at least desire to undertake, certain courses of action, is a subject that has received lot of attention from psychologists over the past hundred years. Different approaches will be used to understand motivation and adding up to a general picture of what motivates an entrepreneur. Maslow Hierarchy of Needs Entrepreneurs and small business owners have different set of needs, which hence, motivate them differently. The idea of a series of needs that can be resolved into separate components was the basis for Maslows (1943) well-known hierarchy of needs in which physiological, security, social and self-actualisation needs were satisfied in that order of priority. Miner (1997) has used Maslow hierarchy of needs to provide a distinction between the set of needs that motivate an entrepreneur and small business owners. Entrepreneurs are at the highest level of needs, which, is self-actualisation. These needs can be supported by their characteristics and personality traits. Entrepreneurs are driven by their aspiration. They are motivated by the goals of profit and growth. They are committed and determined individuals who want to be successful; creative and innovative by creating new opportunities. Entrepreneurs have an internal locus of control which enables them to transcend all the needs. For example, lord Alan Sugar, is at a self-actualisation stage, he has satisfied all the other needs. He was brought up in a council flat in Hackney and despite leaving school at 16, his driven aspiration of being a successful British entrepreneur, made him climb the hierarchy reaching at the transcendence needs where he is satisfying his desire for self-fulfilment and personal growth. Moreover, Miner (1997) conducted a survey about list of motivation factors for small business owners and concluded that it is reasonable to say that small business owners are at the esteem needs: The survey shows that small business owners are motivated by their performance, status and condition. Hence, this leads to the satisfaction of their competence, individual achievement, reputation, responsibility and independence. For example, small corner shops or Indian restaurants are satisfying their esteem needs. They may be reputed in the locality due to their great achievement in having a good customer service and also by handling their responsibilities effectively. However, Maslow hierarchy of needs has received several criticisms. Alderfer (1964) stated that people sometimes try to satisfy more than one need at a time. For instance, Entrepreneurs may be satisfying the esteem needs and self-actualisation needs at the same time, which according to Alderfer is the growth needs. In addition, frustration of a higher order need can lead to efforts to satisfy a lower-level need (frustration regression hypothesis). For example, some entrepreneurs may be at the self-actualisation stage, but due to a failure in one of their venture, can lead to the efforts of satisfying the esteem needs, such as finding ways to make their venture reputable. McClelland (1961): Achievement Motivation In McClellands view behaviour is directed towards an aspirational picture of delivering personal excellence. What constitutes this excellence may be derived from internally referenced considerations or it may be picked up from external signals. McClelland was particular interested in achievement as a motivator for young entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurs are driven by strong need to excel against self-imposed standards- to achieve challenging goals. They have an internal locus of control that makes them have a low need for status and power, and a low need for affiliation with other people. Thus, according to McClelland, entrepreneurs are quite independent types. For example, the music entrepreneur, Simon Cowell, despite having a huge failure in his music recording industry in the 80s, his need for achievement and his internal locus of control motivate him to be successful by showing his creativity of the X factor and American Idol. Research has also proved that small business owner has a low need for achievement, and on the contrary, has a high need for power and status (to combat their competitors). However, the need for achievement may not be the most important variable for predicting the likelihood of starting a business. Borland research shows that achievement motivation was neither a significant factor among students who intended to become entrepreneurs and those who did not (Borland 1974), nor between those who indicated entrepreneurial interest through the choice of majors (Sexton and Bowman 1983). Yet, the question of whether students majors or stated intentions are appropriate surrogates for business ownership arises. Entrepreneurial Motivation It is important to understand the link between entrepreneur and motivation. Burns (2008) stated motivation plays an important part in the creation of new organisations, thus, theories of organisation creation that fail to address this notion are incomplete. Kumar (2008), stipulates that particular goals, attitudes, and backgrounds where all important determinants of an entrepreneurs eventual satisfaction. In that manner, Douglas et al. (1994) examines the motivational process an entrepreneur experiences. The decision to behave entrepreneurial is the result of the interaction of several factors. One set of factors include the individual personal characteristics, the individual personal environment, the relevant business environment, the individuals personal goal set and the existence of a viable business idea Douglas et.al (2004). In addition, the entrepreneur compares his/her perceptions of the probable outcome with the personal expectations. However, it can be argued that entrepreneur psychological characteristics, such as drives for achievement and inspirations, are also important it as help them to be motivated by acknowledging what created a lower outcome than expected, and, thus learn by their mistake. Locke and Baum (2007), has provided a summary of key motivation variables based on previous findings and show general traits measures being mediated by specific measures affect the performance of entrepreneurs. Nevertheless, Kets de Vries (1985) referred to the dark side of the entrepreneurs in discussing how the entrepreneurial personality and ego can be taken to extremes and cause failures, for example, they have a strong need of control and sometimes, may be seen as a bully. Their distrust of others, their desire for applause, and their defensiveness can also be a limitation for them to be successful and affect their potential as an entrepreneurial venture to grow. According to Landau (1982), there are four different types of entrepreneurs as regard to the risk bearing and innovativeness. Thus, stating that all entrepreneurs are motivated by high risk taking and innovativeness is misleading. Low High Risk-bearing Low High Innovativeness For example, the gambler is the entrepreneur characterised by low degree of innovation and high risk. Thus, they are motivated by high risk propensity. Therefore, different types of entrepreneurs are motivated differently. Hence, more research should be conducted on motivation vis-Ã  -vis different types of entrepreneurs. Business Management Practices and Styles The entrepreneurial venture represents a particular management challenge. The nature of the entrepreneurial venture characterises and defines the management that is needed to drive it forward successfully. Moreover, the report has already provided a distinction of entrepreneurial ventures from small businesses (innovation; potential for growth and strategic objectives) which reflects to their business practices. The figure above shows how practices in small businesses differ from entrepreneurial ventures. Wallach (1983) identified that innovative culture (challenging, creative, and enterprising) more closely fits the entrepreneurial venture, while small businesses demonstrate a supportive culture (family-like and humanistic). Carland (1990) has also found in her research that entrepreneurial ventures concentrate on strategic management whereas small businesses on tactical management. Entrepreneurial Management Entrepreneurial management is characterised by its whole organisation scope, its objective of creating change and a focus on exploiting opportunity Wickham (2004). These characteristics are shown in the figure below as a comparison of conventional management and entrepreneurial management. Conventional Management Entrepreneurial Management Scope Whole organisation Part of organisation Objectives Create change Maintain status quo Focus Pursue opportunity Conserve resources A focus on Change Entrepreneurs are managers of change. They bring people, money, resources and ideas together to build new organisations and to change existing ones. For example, Richard Branson started off his business as selling audio tapes recorder, and now he has made entire new worlds by taking risk and diversifying his products namely, virgin media; virgin active, virgin airline etc. He keeps bringing in new changes to the world. Entrepreneurs are different from conventional managers or owners whose main interest is in maintaining the status quo by sustaining the established organisation, protecting it and maintaining its market positions. A focus on Opportunity Entrepreneurs are attuned to opportunity and bring in creativity. They constantly seek the possibility of doing something differently and better. They innovate in order to create value. Entrepreneurs are more interested in pursuing opportunity than they are in conserving resources. Entrepreneurs see resources as a means to an end, not as an end in themselves. Entrepreneurs expose resources to risk but also make them work by stretching them to their limit in order to offer a good return. In contrast, small business owners in established businesses are more often responsible for protecting scarce resources than for using them to pursue the opportunities that are presented for their organisations. Organisation Wide Management The entrepreneur manages with an eye to the entire organisation. They benchmark themselves against organisational objectives. They label themselves as having a visionary management style rather than focusing on objectives in particular department. Thus, entrepreneurs develop a holistic approach as regard to their management style and business practices. The effective entrepreneur does all these things when appropriate. There are times when the status quo is worth sustaining, and at times when it becomes unwise to expose resources. Part of the skill of the effective entrepreneur should know when not to venture. In addition, entrepreneurs should use appropriate leadership, power and motivation as managerial tools to have a better control, focus and direction for the venture. These are tools entrepreneur should adopt in order to turn their vision into reality. Furthermore, some entrepreneurs tend to adopt an autocratic business management style with a tall structure. For example, Lord Alan Sugar is recognised for this autocratic style following the steps of Taylorism. Critics have described Sugar as out-of-touch and his work ethic as a model of bad management in the UK. Negative, bullying and narrow-minded (Sugar) rules by fear. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-461607/Why-earth-want-work-Sir-Alan-Sugar.html. Therefore, entrepreneurs should climb the growth wall. Creativity and innovativeness alone would not make an entrepreneur successful. They should also empower and motivate their subordinates by giving them control to make decisions. If they do not do so, they will be too stress and tired, which can cause their venture to fail. Thus, an entrepreneurial organisation should always learn through its success and failures. This will enable the entrepreneur to develop his vision into reality to achieve success (Wickham 2004). Conclusion Overall, the report has provided us with a better understanding of the differences between entrepreneurs and other owners of small businesses. The report has discussed the different characteristics of entrepreneurs and how it differs with those of small business owner. For example, psychological characteristics such as need for achievement, internal locus of control, need for autonomy, creativity and risk-taking are predominant in entrepreneurs. On the other hand, small business owners main priority is their family goals and their income. Entrepreneurs are motivated to create an entire new world Joerges Wolff (1991). The report also explain Douglas entrepreneurial motivation model which surpass the psychological characteristics. He stated that the initial determination to behave entrepreneurially is the outcome of the dealing of a range of factors such as individual personal characteristics, personal goal set, personal environment, the existence of a viable business idea, and relevant business environment. On the other hand, small business owners are motivated by high need of power; status and independence (Miner 1997). Kets de Vries (1985) has also discussed about the dark side of entrepreneurs, thus, in order to turn their vision into reality, entrepreneurs should learn from their mistakes and successes and also learn to climb the growth wall. There are also different types of entrepreneurs, thus, each type of entrepreneurs are motivated and manage their ventures differently. Thus, motivation factors, business management style and practices would be different, for example, Alan Sugar management style and business practices are different from that of Richard Branson. Besides, an entrepreneurial performance are influenced not only by personal motivation and aspirations but the ability to motivate employees and having good human relationship skills; general management skills, effective leadership skills; proper use of power and industry knowledge.

Bach; Brandenberg Concertos Essay -- essays research papers

The Brandenburg Concertos   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the most profoundly inspired and masterful composers in history, Johann Sebastian Bach (1685 – 1750), was born into a musical family in Eisenach, Germany. Born into a musical family his father, Johann Ambrosius Bach, was a talented violinist, and taught his son the basic skills of string-playing. Another relation, the organist at Eisenach’s most important church, intructed the young boy on the organ.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1695, Johann Sebastian was orphaned; he went to live with his older brother, Johann Christoph, in Ohrdruf. Johann Christoph was a professional organist, and continued his younger brother’s education on that instrument, as well as on the harpsichord. After several years in this arrangement, Johann Sebastian won a scholarship to study in Luneberg, Northern Germany, and so left his brothers tutelage.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A master of several instruments while still in his teens, Johann Sebastian first found employment at the age of 18 as a violinist in a court orchestra in Weimar. Soon after, he took a job as an organist at a church in Arnstadt (1703-1707). Here, as in later posts, his perfectionist tendencies and high expectations of other musicians – for example, the church choir – rubbed his colleagues the wrong way, and he was embroiled in a number of hot disputes during his short tenure. In 1707, at the age of 22, Bach became fed up with the lousy musical standards of Ar...

The Life and Work of George Orwell :: Biography Biographies Essays

The Life and Work of George Orwell George Orwell is the name of the person behind brilliant works of literature such as Animal Farm and "1984". After my closer study of his book Animal Farm, I decided to look more closely into the person who wrote that brilliant allegory. I also tried to understand why, and how it was possible for a man raised far from communist/totalitarian regime could describe it so precisely in such an amazing prophetic way. Born under the name of Eric Blair on June 25 1903, in India in the family of an Imperial Officer, after going to boarding school and then to Eton, he decided to stop with his education and enlisted in the Indian Imperial Police at the age of 20. He served in Burma for 5 years and later described that period as the most miserable times and that he hated being the bully arresting people to be beaten. After he left Burma Eric wanted to experience the life of the oppressed, so he moved to Paris disguised as a homeless poor. He started living the life of tramps and all kinds of poor homeless, but soon he found himself in their true situation, without a serious job, Eric was forced to live on the streets and to make only enough not to starve. At that time he wrote his first book: "Down and Out in Paris and London" and was able to publish it under the pen name of George Orwell. The book was a success, and after that he wrote and published in three years three more books: "Burmese days," "a Clergyman's daughter" and " Keep the Aspidistra Flying." In 1937 Orwell went to Spain to report on the civil war and, according to Judy P. Sopronyi's article George Orwell on the Road to Nineteen Eighty-Four", got really involved in the idea of Socialism, he was thrilled by the idea of everyone treating each other as equals and his log sense of guilt for being born in the upper-middle class, as he called it, had found its cure. It wasn't long before he found out that regardless of how flawless an ideology was, people could twist it viciously in order to make it work for their own political ambitions. His personal experience was involved in that notion, because after being loyal to, and fighting on the side of the Republicans, he was quickly turned into the enemy for no apparent reason, and was forced to return to England to avoid arrest.

Naglo Saxson Burial Customs :: essays research papers

Anglo-Saxon Burial Techniques: Early Anglo-Saxon burials are traditionally based on cremation on a pyre, with the deposition of corpses in the ground in a pottery container. The Anglo-Saxons were experts at cremations, with their pyres being at least as efficient as today's pyres, reaching temperatures of up to 9000C. Cremation burials were never found with weapons - it is possible, of course, that these were a part of the cremation, but melted in the flames, but many are found with miniature weapons and miniature combs. In the fourth and fifth centuries, inhumation burials came into common use, where the unburned body is deposited in a rectangular grave. It was probably copied from the late Roman technique, although it is suggested that it was introduced from Denmark. Inhumation burials typically were accompanied by weapons, and grave goods according to status. In the seventh century, Anglo-Saxon burials abruptly changed, as a direct result of Christianity. The most obvious indicator is the lack of pagan objects, such as weapons- a practice encouraged by the Church. Many cemeteries were abandoned that had been used in the fifth and sixth centuries, and the double cemetery also became common -that is, a cemetery was abandoned and a new one was setup beside it. There were a number of new types of burial present after the Church arrived. The first of these is the 'Final Phase' burial, which is basically a transition between a pagan inhumation, with the corpse being accompanied typically by clothes, jewelry, weapons and other personal belongings, and a Christian inhumation, where the corpse is unclothed and unfurnished, except for a shroud. On the whole, these burials have very few grave goods when compared to the previous pagan period, and some have no grave goods at all. The graves are aligned east-west, after the Christian fashion, and all except a very small number are inhumation - after the sixth century, cremations become almost redundant. Another type of burial identified, is that of the 'Princely' burial, normally located under a mound, with a high number of quality grave goods. They contain either a cremation or an inhumation. Anglo-Saxon standards is that burial mounds usually cover inhumations, rather than cremations. One such burial is that of Sutton Hoo, in Suffolk, on the River Deben. There were a number of burials here, all of them under mounds. An interesting reflection of Anglo-Saxon society was the graves surrounding - the so-called 'sand-men', which appear to have been human sacrifices.

Civil Liberties, Personal Freedoms, and US Law Enforcement Essay

Americans would like to believe that they have freedoms that are available to people in no other country on earth. In a very real way, this statement is true. We are free to criticize the people who govern us in a manner unavailable in most countries, without expecting retribution. Public access is available to many, if not most government buildings. The American process of governing is relatively transparent. All of these things have created a great expectation of freedom, or at least liberty, in this country. And yet, the nature of liberty and freedom, as well as how these thing interact with law enforcement, are not well understood by many Americans. Freedom vs. Liberty Although the concepts of liberty and freedom are related, they are not the same. The United States of America, as noted above, allows many kinds of freedom. There is freedom â€Å"from† things, such as absolute government control of lives and freedom â€Å"to† things, as in freedom to choose a school or a career, rather than having such a thing assigned. Freedom consists of the ability to move about at will, personal liberty, and civil liberty. In philosophical terms, freedom is the â€Å"power to exercise choice and make decisions without constraint from within or without; autonomy, self-determination (â€Å"freedom,† n. d. ). Although liberty is used as part of the definition of freedom, they are not identical concepts. Liberty, however, is freedom from such things as outside control in an individual’s personal choices, from captivity, and â€Å"freedom from arbitrary or despotic government or control† (â€Å"liberty, n. d. †). It can be seen, then, that of the freedoms that Americans expect to have are composed of both freedom–the freedom to†Ã¢â‚¬â€œand liberty–the â€Å"freedom from. Without civil liberties, Americans would find themselves facing an increased number of forcible actions from their own government, as well as potential attempts to infringe upon those liberties from outside. Americans and Civil Liberties Americans have always taken their civil liberties seriously. State seals and mottos refer to liberty. The New Jersey state motto is â€Å"Liberty and Prosperity,† while text on the Massachusetts Great Seal once read, â€Å"By the sword we seek peace, but peace only under liberty. † Patriotic songs refer to the nation as being the â€Å"sweet land of Liberty. From the beginning, then it can be assumed that Americans have expected â€Å"freedom from,† liberty, particularly freedom from tyranny. In today’s world, the concept of tyranny can take many forms. Racial profiling is often considered to be one form of tyranny, although it is not always simple to assess when it occurs (Barkan, 2005). Research from the Institute for Public Policy and Social Research [IPPSR] indicates that Americans largely favor the protection of civil liberties, even when responding after a crisis. However, the degree to which people are willing to accept changes to policies that affect civil liberty will vary based on race and ethnicity, political ideology, the area in which they live, and more (ISPPR, 2002). One significant influence on whether these changes should occur is that of trust in law enforcement (ISPPR, 2002). According to xxxx (2002): citizens with low trust in local law enforcement give 6. 7 (out of 8) pro-civil liberties responses, while citizens with moderate trust give 5. 4 pro-civil liberties responses, and citizens with high trust give only 4. 7 pro-civil liberties responses. p. 4) These findings are significant to this paper in that the lack of trust in local law enforcement seems as if it is often both the cause and the result of the effects of policing on the community. If people have contact with policing agencies that allows them freedom to do something, then they feel comfortable with the amount of civil liberty that they have and may consider adjustments to that liberty. If individuals in a society feel as if they already have little freedom, then they will necessarily feel as if the amount policing that is permitted should not vary, at least not by increasing it. New Policing† The methods for policing seem to be changing worldwide, shifting from public policing to private policing. These changes seem to be occurring primarily in democratic societies, which have looser control over individuals’ lives. According to Ashcroft (2001), democratic governments can accommodate diverse centers of power, whereas authoritarian regimes cannot. Democratization facilitates restructuring by providing political space into which it can grow. As political pluralism increases, so too do the auspices that want to share responsibility for policing. (p. 28) Why, then, are democratic nations more difficult to police than others might be? The answer appears above: authoritarian regimes maintain control of their citizens by coercion and force, which does not permit decentralized policing of their nations. They do not have the freedom from, not in many capacities, and for this reason their citizens are not at liberty to act or to decide what changes that the government that can affect their lives. ecause they do not have the freedoms â€Å"from† that Americans have, the government can decide what police actions must be taken, when they will be taken, and what form these actions will take. The reason that Americans are so shocked by such events as the Kent State actions, the actions taken at Ruby Ridge or those taken against the Branch Davidians, is that they appear to be so totalitarian. Americans expect better of their le aders and respond with words that indicate they feel betrayed and, sometimes, those betrayed feelings result in votes being withheld. Democratic nations are so difficult to police because their policing mechanisms are so diverse and are so dispersed. In addition, actions taken against the citizens require a reason and a precedent, unlike policing actions in authoritarian or totalitarian states, which need no apparent precedent to act. Conclusion Democratic nations require balance between the citizens, their government, and their policing agencies. Citizens must feel that they have value and that they are safe from unprecedented police actions, even from their own government. Such nations are difficult to police because only authoritarian nations is it possible to have access to the â€Å"easy† method of policing that involves force. While it is not impossible even for a democratic nation to have policing actions that involve force, they incite comment because they are unusual and frequently cause outrage. Policing a democratic nation is difficult because democracy is hard. To accept policing that negatively affects either freedom or liberty–or both–results in a nation that has fewer civil liberties, as well.

The Differences between the Empire State Building and Burj Al-Arab Hotel

The differences between Empire State Building and Burj Al-Arab Hotel There are two celebrated edifices in the universe, called Empire State Building and Burj Al-Arab Hotel. Empire State Building is located in New York, and it is one of the tallest constructions in New York, even in the universe. Another one of the universe tallest edifices is Burj Al-Arab Hotel, it is located in Dubai. In this essay, I will compare and contrast them in history, uses and being celebrated. In the Empire State Building’s history, it is 1250 pess tall and was the tallest edifice in the universe when it was built in 1931. At that clip, it was non merely go a landmark of New York, but besides became a symbol of accomplishing the impossible. There was a skyscraper race in the universe in 20 century. Walter Chrysler, the laminitis of the Chrysler Corporation, was building a monumental edifice, the tallness of which he was maintaining secret until the edifice ‘s completion. John Jakob Raskob, antecedently a frailty president of General Motors, decided to fall in this race, and he wanted to crush Chrysler. Not cognizing precisely what height he had to crush, John started building on his ain edifice, the Empire State Building. The Empire State Building completed with an astonishing effort that the full edifice was constructed in merely one twelvemonth and 45 yearss and merely cost around 41 million dollars ( Jennifer Rosenberg ) . Similarly, there are besides many glorifications in the history of Burj Al-Arab Hotel. For illustration, it was the tallest sea-based hotel in the universe at a tallness of 321 metres when it was completed in 1999. As the ground of edifice Burj Al-Arab Hotel is wholly different with the Empire State Building, that the authorities of Dubai wanted a edifice that would go an iconic or symbolic statement with the name of the state, merely as what it has been. The design of Burj Al-Arab Hotel was inspired by the wind-filled canvass of an Arab trading dhow ship, and that is why it is built on an unreal island. Unlike the Empire State Building, the building of Burj Al-Arab Hotel cost a big sum of money and clip that it was built in 1994 and be around 650 million dollars to construct. And this money made it go the coal of the Leading Hotels of the World ( Rick Archer ) . The Empire State Building is built as an office edifice, so the primary use is supplying office infinites for companies. But because it is located on the most comfortable parts of Manhattan Island, the rent of office infinites is expensive. Even though the rent is excessively dearly-won, the major companies of different countries, such as finance, touristry and insurance, lease an office in the Empire State Building, because of its celebrated and demoing the capacities of their companies. In add-on, the Empire State Building is known by the universe, so it becomes one of the most celebrated tourer attractive forces in New York. For absorbing more tourers, there are different sorts of exhibitions in the museum of the Empire State Building. Of class, many sorts of bars and nines are necessary, and tourers can see all attractive forces in New York in several proceedingss ( Empire State Building ) . However, as a hotel, the uses of Burj Al-Arab Hotel are about different with the Empire State Building, it is built for touristry. But because Dubai wanted to do it go an iconic, the Burj Al-Arab Hotel was absolutely built with strong Islamic manner, excessive decor and high engineering ( Burj Al-Arab Hotel ) . Similar to the Empire State Building, this makes it go one of the most celebrated and the most expensive hotels in the universe, the every night rates start merely north of $ 1500. Both Empire State Building and Burj Al-Arab Hotel have a phase on the acme of them, although the phase of Burj Al-Arab Hotel is a rooftop helipad. So if you are affluent plenty to populate in it, the hotel besides offers chopper service from the airdrome to hotel ( Justin Delaney ) . As we know, the Empire State Building is the world’s most celebrated office edifice, but I want to inquire, why does it go such celebrated? And I found out that it is celebrated by its tallness and films. And the major ground is from the clip it was built in the 1930 ‘s to the edifice of the World Trade Center towers in the 1970 ‘s it was the tallest edifice in the universe, even now it still ranks among the top 10 and is the tallest edifice in New York ( Why is the Empire State Building celebrated? ) . Furthermore, the film that made it celebrated isKing Kong, one of the most noteworthy films in American history. In this film, the originalKing Kongof 1933 used a theoretical account of the newly-completed Empire State Building for Kong to mount at the flood tide ( What film made the Empire State Building celebrated? ) . This image non merely made the Empire State Building noticed by the universe, but besides became the most authoritative scene ofKing Kong. Similarly, Burj Al-Arab Hotel used to be world’s tallest hotel, but now it is still the world’s 2nd tallest hotel. on the other manus, it is non simply celebrated by its tallness, its expensiveness is besides celebrated in the universe. For illustration, the monetary value of a Royal suite is 20 1000 dollars, per dark. The monetary value can make the cost of a mid-sized saloon, doing it one of the universe ‘s most expensive suites, even a smallest room besides needs 1500 dollars. But the expensiveness is sensible, because the installations and helping of Burj Al-Arab Hotel are the best in the universe. For case, when the clients of Burj Al-Arab Hotel go out of the airdrome, they have two lavish picks: travel to hotel by Rolls Royce saloons or chopper. If you choose helicopter, you will hold a opportunity to watch the Dubai from sky in 15 proceedingss. Those are the grounds why they have a batch of clients, even the suites are expensive ( Burj Al-Arab Hotel ) . Why did I want to compare the Empire State Building and Burj Al-Arab Hotel? Because these two edifice represent the people who live in different period and different states. The Empire State Building shows America had become one of the most affluent states in 1930, and American people liked to demo their power and wealth. For the Burj Al-Arab Hotel, it shows the Dubai had an outstanding economic system, and the Arabs more attention about their state After comparing the Empire State Building and the Burj Al-Arab Hotel in three different ways, I found out: In history, they were built for different intents, the Empire State Building was built for a personal glorification, but the Burj Al-Arab Hotel was built because of the dream of doing a landmark for Dubai, but likewise, both of them used to be the tallest edifice in their types ; in uses, both constructions link to the local touristry, although the Empire State Building besides provides offices to companies ; in being celebrated, both of them are celebrated for their tallness, nevertheless, the Empire State is besides celebrated by a film,King Kong, and the Burj Al-Arab Hotel is besides celebrated for its expensiveness and helping. Overall, even though they are similar in some parts, they still represent different images of their states to the universe. Work Citedâ€Å"Burj Al-Arab Hotel† . baike.com Feb 11 2014hypertext transfer protocol: //www.baike.com/wiki/ % E9 % 98 % BF % E6 % 8B % 89 % E4 % BC % AF % E5 % A1 % 94 % E9 % 85 % 92 % E5 % BA % 97â€Å"Empire State Building† . Baike.com Feb 11 2014hypertext transfer protocol: //www.baike.com/wiki/ % E5 % B8 % 9D % E5 % 9B % BD % E5 % A4 % A7 % E5 % 8E % A6Jennifer Rosenberg. â€Å"The Empire State Building † . About.com. Feb 9 2014.hypertext transfer protocol: //history1900s.about.com/od/1930s/a/empirestatebldg.htmJustin Delaney. â€Å"Dubai ‘s iconic Burj Al Arab – the universe ‘s most glamourous hotel † . gadling.com. Jun 21 2011.hypertext transfer protocol: //www.gadling.com/2011/06/21/the-iconic-burj-al-arab-the-worlds-most-glamorous-hotel/Rick Archer. â€Å"The Most Beautiful Hotel in the World † . ssqq.com. July 2004hypertext transfer protocol: //ssqq.com/archive/vinlin23.htmâ€Å"What film made the Empire State Building celebrated? † wiki.answers.com Feb 11 2014hypertext transfer protocol: //wiki.answers.com/Q/What_movie_made_the_Empire_State_Building_famous # slide=3 & A ; article=What_movie_made_the_Empire_State_Building_famousâ€Å"Why is the Empire State Building celebrated? † wiki.answers.com Feb 11 2014hypertext transfer protocol: //wiki.answers.com/Q/Why_is_the_Empire_State_Building_famous # slide=7 & A ; article=Why_is_the_Empire_State_Building_famous

“Idiot Nation” by Michael Moore Essay

In the reading â€Å"Idiot Nation† by Michael Moore, he focuses on how the United States is becoming lazier and is being filled with idiots. Moore goes on to explain how our political system, lifestyles, and technology are the reason for our country’s becoming so idiotic. Nevertheless he believes the educational system is suffering the most. The American people as well as politicians are somewhat at fault as they continue to contribute to the regression of our educational system. Moore argues that politicians and the American people have continued to ignore the education system and have prioritized less important issues over future generation’s education. Admittedly I would have to agree by prioritizing less important issues, the education of future generations will continue to suffer. First of all politicians are partly responsible for America’s idiocy. The priorities of our politicians are unacceptable. According to Moore, our political leaders â€Å"ha ve decided it’s a bigger priority to build another bomber then to educate children† (135). As a result any schools throughout the United States have overflowing classrooms, outdated facilities, and below average teachers. Moore as well as myself feels that politicians should change their focus towards education. A focus on education would result in updated schools, structures and teachers. Politicians should always focus on education because today’s students will affect tomorrow’s history and future. Politicians and parents must work together in order to a focus on education. I believe that parents should responsible for maintaining adequate schools. They need to take action and be more involved in the well being of our schools. Instead of expecting politicians to make changes we can take the correct steps for a better educational system. One way we can help is by making libraries up to date and accessible to students. Another way we can help is by making sure students are receiving the correct nutrition from school lunches. Parents can setup their children for success by making sure that they have rested, completed their homework and prepared for school. We need to take action and work together as a whole to improve the education system in America. In order to improve our educ ational system we must be to  solve what’s wrong with it. Today our country seems to focus on technology. Before technology existed, almost everything was done by hand. People had to work hard in their jobs but in the world we live in today they rely on technology to the work for them. We even give children toys such as Ipads, which do not allow them to grow mentally. More says, â€Å"There are forty-four million Americans who cannot read and write above a forth-grade level-in other words, who are illiterates† (122). More and myself feel because we reply so much on technology, the ones paying the consequences our children. They are growing up in an environment where technology allows them to take the easy way out. The environment we allowing our children to grow up in is not only affect their education but their lifestyles. Many teenagers much rather stay update with there social media than reading a book, study, or learn about history. We are given three chances to gain education, in elementary, middle school, high school, and college. Many take part in gaining an education but many not even explore it. These education opportunities are to h elp our nation to become smarter and succeed. The lifestyles of teenagers have leaded them to feel not motivated to learn or do better in life. Another way my education was affected was by budget cuts made my to school. Programs that were offered were no longer available to me or my friends. For example, in the fifth grade our physical education class was cut due to lack of funding. This was something students looked forward too, it allowed us to play and be active. Another way was by our library was cut, so we are stuck with the same books every year. I could see how the lack of new books and physical education was affecting us in and outside the classroom. Moore was right in believing how the United States is becoming lazier and is being filled with idiots. Our political system, lifestyles, and technology are the reason for our country’s becoming so idiotic. In turn our educational system is suffering the most. Schools are no longer a place of personal expression, not allowed to think for them, or even allowed to rock the vote. I feel if we continue on the track we on right now we will ruin the education of tomorrow ’s generation.

A & P is highly symbolic story

A & P is highly symbolic story with various thematic expressions. It takes into account the individual and adolescent longings to rebel against the common conventions, class conflict, and the rise of superstore mentality in United States during 1950s. It is also an epitome of American social milieu during 1950s and represents its different shades in colloquial and ironic language. Furthermore, it narrates the psychological and emotional transitions from childhood to adolescence in a lucid manner. The most important feature of the story is its highly symbolic settings. Updike set up the story in 1950s that was â€Å"an age when supermarket has replaced the church as the community’s central institutions†.(Wells 132) Gilbert Porter (1972) writes in this regard that, â€Å"right in the middle of town, surrounded by ‘two banks and the Congregational church and the newspaper store and three real estate offices’ stands Updike’s symbolic A& P† (p. 115 5). So it gives an atlas of the whole American socio-economics set-up in fifties.Every institute remained a hallmark of American society and its values. The utilization of words ‘right in the middle’ manifests the importance and centrality of these institutional expressions in the American life. A & P symbolizes the â€Å"mass ethic of a consumer-conditioned society†. (Porter, p. 1155)Another important aspect of the story is social structures that Updike’s has constructed and displayed in order to augment the thematic expressions. Sammy, the protagonist can be viewed rebelling against this social structure.As Larence Jat Dessner puts it, â€Å"He is entranced and made enviously defensive by his notion that the under-clad younger shoppers inhabit a higher social station than him† (16) The juxtaposition of visualization to attend a party in Queenie’s living rooms to the factual account of parties at his own home is important illustration of thi s psychological phenomenon.Sammy says, ‘When my parents have somebody over they get lemonade and if it's a real racy affair Schlitz in tall glasses with â€Å"They'll Do It Every Time† cartoons stencilled on. (Updike) Furthermore, Updike has lighted the differences between one social order and the other in a subtle way. For example, in Queenie’s social realm, people eat â€Å"Kingfish Fancy herring snacks in Pure Sour Cream† which symbolizes a privileged social class whereas Sammy eats HiHo Crackers that embodies a lower-class status. Lengel, another character, represents the Puritan work ethic.Strength of the story is utilization of a mixture of themes in a way that produced a unifocal impact on the reader. In addition to above mentioned conflict of social classes, it encircles the rebellious nature of its time. Sammy is caught in social compulsions at the start of the story and symbolizes a convention-ridden individual.Queenie and her company is an illus tration of the rebellious temperament and any other non-conformist attitude and values. She and her party enter and wander around the store barefooted unlike other housewives and people who only comes with shopping lists and remain totally engrossed in them. Updike again uses a subtle image to symbolize their non-conformist behaviour.They stroll up an aisle against the normal route of traffic. This metaphorically explains their behaviour that is against the social conventions of the time. This makes realize Sammy of his own conditionality. This generates a desire in him to be different from the society. So he rebels against the society. Lengel is juxtaposed with Sammy as he sticks to conventionalities and embodies the strict professional ethics. Mr. recognize him as â€Å"the Voice of the Establishment† (1157).   These images illustrate the second theme in a perfect way.

Edge cities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Edge cities - Essay Example The developer is able to make considerations on what they would want for the city and using this, they are able to choose a strategic location for the city. They developer can choose a location that will be close to the resources needed by the city or even a location that is close to the developer’s target market. A location can reduce the costs of raw materials, transportation costs and costs of delivering products to the market place. The edge city can also be located to close to social service points. Edge city developers are also able to provide proper and efficient social services and supplies such as water, electricity and medical services. In historic cities, the quality of social services is determined by the other factors such as finances, population size and geographical size. Edge cities enjoy the benefit of better planning over historic cities. This is because the developers plan for the expected population size in the edge city. When the population is determined the city planners are able to optimally determine the infrastructure needed and the layout of the various structures in the edge city. Historic cities chronically suffer from social-fiscal problems such as poverty and crime and capacity problems such as congestion. Another advantage of edge cities over historic cities is that they have flexibility in terms of redevelopment and restructuring. Since the developer has control over the layout and operations in the city, they can change the layout of the city so that it meets the desired objective. This would only need enough finances and it is done. Historic cities are quite inflexible as redeveloping them would require a lot huge amounts of funds for compensating owners of different structures as well as lots of documentation on policy and legislation. When edge city developers are choosing the location and capacity for their mega-projects, they have to make several